The Living World - Class 11 Medical Biology - Extra Questions


How many obligate categories or ranks are found in a hierarchical level of classification?

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum/Division, Kingdom are obligate categories or ranks found in a hierarchical level of classification.


Which has more characters in common species or genus?

  • Species contains a group of individuals with same morphological characters and they can breed among themselves.
  • Genus is a group of similar species having more character in common.
So, the correct answer is 'Species'.


Define chemotaxonomy in a sentence.

When chemical substances found in an organism, especially plants like the Alkaloids, Terpenes, flavonoids, essential oils forms the basis of classification, it is termed as chemotaxonomy


What do you understand by hierarchical classification?

Hierarchical classification is also called as taxonomical classification where organisms are classified into successive levels according to their complexity. each level is called as taxonomic level.  In this classification, Kingdom is highest ranked followed by division, class, order, family, genus, and species is the lowest category.



Define Healthy family?

In Healthy families, mothers and fathers have a clear understanding of their role as a parents. They are to provide physical resources (e,g. food, clothing, shelter), discipline and a supportive, nurturing environment that facilitates their children's physical and emotional development.


Why are human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and look said to belongs to the same species?

Human beings who look so different from each other in terms of size, colour and looks are said to belong to the same species because:
1. They have similarities in the DNA sequences
2. They have descended from the same ancestor
3. They can reproduce among themselves.


Unscramble the given words below to get the correct word using the clues given against them.
LUMISIT: All living things respond to these

LUMISIT - unscrambles as Stimuli : All living things respond to these


Name the family and order of to which man belongs.

Man belongs to: -
  • Family - Hominidae
  • Order - Primates.


Define taxonomic hierarchy ? List the categories used in classification of organisms.

The taxonomic hierarchy was introduced by Linnaeus. It is also known as a Linnaean hierarchy. It is used to classify organisms into different categories. It includes the sequence of categories in a decreasing or increasing order from kingdom to species and vice versa. The domain is the highest rank in the hierarchy followed by division or kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Species is the lowest rank in the hierarchy. 
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Define museum. How many kinds of museum are found ?

A museum is a place where objects and materials of cultural, religious and historical importance are collected and preserved and made available to the public for the purpose of education and enjoyment. There are various kinds of the museum such as General museum, Science and technology museum, Art museum, History museum found all over the world. 


Match Column-I with Column-II for housefly classification and select the correct option using the codes given below.

Housefly belongs to phylum Arthropoda characterised by the segmented body, jointed appendages and a chitinous exoskeleton. It is an articulated, tracheated hexapod and has the head, thorax, and abdomen as body segments, it belongs to class Insecta and order Diptera as functional forewings for flying, small hindwings and mouth adapted for sucking. It belongs to family Muscidae due to the presence of sucking mouth appendages.


Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow is presently known as ..........

National Botanical Research Institute


How are organisms named and classified?

Taxonomy is the science by which organisms are classified and placed into hierarchical categories that reflect their evolutionary relationships. The eight major categories, inorder of decreasing inclusiveness, are (I) Domain, (2) Kingdom, (3) Division or Phylum, (4) Class, (5) Order, (6) Family, (7) Genus, and (8) Species. The scientific name of an organism is composed of its genus name and species name. A hierarchical concept was first used by Aristotle, but in the mid-1700s, Linnaeus laid the foundation for modem taxonomy. In the 1860s, evolutionary theory proposed by Charles Darwin provided an explanation for the observed similarities and differences among organisms, and modern taxonomists attempt to classify organisms according to their evolutionary relationship.


What different criteria would you choose to classify people that you meet often?

We can classify people on the basis of their education, profession, hobbies, native place, gender, etc. This helps us in understanding people better. 


What do we learn from identification of individuals and populations?

  • Through the identification of individuals and populations; we can learn about the native place, mother tongue, costumes, food habit, religion, caste, etc.

This kind of identification makes easy categorization of them.


Define a taxon. Give some examples of taxa at different hierarchical levels?

A particular level of hierarchy in the classification of living beings is called as a taxon. A taxon is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
For example, the basic level of classification is species, followed by genus, family, order, class, phylum or division, in ascending order. The highest level of classification is known as a kingdom. So each of these categories can be called as a taxon.


Discuss the utility of systematics ?

Systematics is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and relationship between them based on the comparative anatomy, physiology, ecology and other biological studies. It is used in the field of medicine, agriculture, forestry, and industries. It provides knowledge of the origin and evolutionary history. It helps in identification of crop pests and in solving the problems of epidemic diseases. 


How many obligate categories constitute hierarchy of categories ?

The hierarchy includes seven obligate categories - kingdom, division or phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.


Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with suitable examples of a plant and an animal.

The arrangement of various taxa in a hierarchical order is called taxonomic hierarchy.
In this hierarchy, species is present at the lowest level whereas kingdom is present at the highest level.
Classification of a plant :
As an example, let us classify Solanum melongena, (Brinjal).
Kingdom – Plantae
Division – Angiospermae
Class – Dicotyledonae
Order – Solanales
Family – Solanaceae
Genus – Solanum
Species – melongena

Classification of an animal : 
As an example, let us classify man.
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primate
Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
Species – Sapiens

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What are the advantage of classifying organisms?

Earth is inhabited by more than millions of living organisms. It is impossible for an individual to name and and memorise each of these living organisms. Hence, a system is required to categorise these organisms into groups for better understanding. These arrangement in groups is nothing but a way to classify an organism on the basis of similarity it shares with other organism or group of organisms. Classifying an organism also helps us to study the course of evolution.


How would you choose between two characteristic to be used for developing a hierarchy in classification?

  • For classifying an organism in a hierarchical fashion, the most fundamental and visible character is first taken into consideration. For example- plants differ from animals in having chloroplast and lacking locomotion, lacking a cell wall. 
  • But, only locomotion is considered as the most basic characteristic of classification. After choosing the fundamental, basic characteristic one can further classify the organism on the basis of the first feature chosen.


Find out through internet and popular science articles whether animals other than man has self-consciousness.

Self consciousness is defined as the awareness of oneself. Other than man there are some animals which are self-conscious. These include dolphins, elephants, chimpanzees, apes and monkeys. Self-consciousness in animals can be studied using the mirror test. When chimpanzees were exposed to the mirror for the first time they were threatened. However on repeated exposure they started looking into the mirror and grooming, picking their nose, making faces, etc. 


Variations in organisms lead to diversity in living organisms. State reasons.

  • Variations are the observable differences in an organism. 
  • The variations may be in genotype or the phenotype of the organism and can occur due to various factors such as climate, temperature, or in response to a chemical mutagen. 
  • Such changes help the organism to adapt to the changes in its surroundings. Also, variations in organisms form a diversified group. 
  • For example, a genus includes various species and all of them differ from each other by some characteristics. 
  • Thus, as the hierarchy is increased from species to the kingdom, more variations are seen. This forms a diversified living world.


Write any three importance of herbarium.

1. It is a source of knowledge of flora of a region or a locality or a country.
2. It is a data store in which the information of plants is available.
3. The correct identification of plants is understood by the type specimen.
4. It provides materials for taxonomists and anatomists.
5. Pollen or microspore is preserved upto nearly 200 years without undergoing any changes in morphological features.
6. It is very useful to study cytology, structure of DNA, numerical taxonomy chemo-taxonomy etc.
7. It acts as a reservoir of gene pool studies.


Bring out the significance of herbarium.

Significance of herbarium can be listed as follows.
(i) Herbarium is a source of knowledge about the flora of a region or a locality or a country.
(ii) It is a data source in which the information on plants are available.
(iii) The type specimens help in the correct identification of plants.
(iv) It provides materials for taxonomic and anatomical studies.
(v) Typical pollen characters have been well emphasized in taxonomy. Morphological characters of the pollen remain unaltered even after storage upto nearly 200 years.
(vi) It is very much useful in the study of cytology, structure of DNA, numerical taxonomy, chaemotaxonomy etc. It acts as a reservoir of gene pool studies.


Define systematics.

Systematics is the study of classification of organisms into kingdom, both past and present, and the relationship between living organisms.


Systema Naturae is written by_____________

Systema Naturae is written by $$\underline {Carlous Linaeus}$$


The author of Species Plantarum is ___________.

The author of Species Plantarum is $$\underline{Carolus}$$ $$\underline{Linnaeus}$$


Define the terms : 

  1. Taxonomy.
  2. Systematics.
  3. Identification.
  4. Nomenclature.

  1. Taxonomy is the field of biology which deals with the identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms. 
  2. Systematics is a discipline of biology that explicitly examines the natural variation and relationships of organisms. It deals with the relationships of different groups of organisms. 
  3. Identification is the recognition of the essential character of an organism. 
  4. Nomenclature is the naming of organisms. Latinized names are used to refer to different species of plants and animals.


On what basis the New Systematics differs from classical systematics? Mention about the various approaches which are adopted for classification under New Systematics.

New systematics differs from classical systematics in various ways. These are:
1. Species are classified on the basis of cytology, physiology, biochemistry, and ecology rather than morphology.
2. Species are not static but are highly dynamic.
3. Species does not occupy the central position in the work of systematics. In new systematics, the focus has shifted to sub-species and populations.
4. Experimental variability is used to measure various parameters. Statistical data is incorporated to understand primitiveness, inter-relationships, and advancements between species.


What do you understand by herbarium? Explain the various steps involved in preparing a herbarium specimen.

A herbarium is a collection of pressed, dried and labelled plant specimens and data associated with it which is used for scientific study. The specimens are arranged by a classification scheme. These are used for plant identification. It has details of plant locations, habitat, abundance and flowering and fruiting periods. 

  • The first step in preparing a herbarium specimen is a field visit and collection of specimen. 
  • The specimen is then spread on a blotting sheet and is placed in the press for drying. 
  • The dry specimen is then mounted on the herbarium sheet. 
  • The specimen is preserved using 2% mercuric chloride fungicide. 
  • After proper labelling of it, it is finally stored.


How is systematics relevant to other branches of biology?

Systematics is the branch of biology that deals with the classification and nomenclature of organisms depending on the diversity of organisms and all their comparative and evolutionary relationships. It is based on anatomy, ecology, physiology, genetics and biochemistry. It basically orders the organisms into groups and taxonomy. The classification is based on the knowledge about the organisms, that is their form and structure (morphology), cell (cytology), the development process (embryology), the remnant of the past organisms (fossils) and ecological relationships. Hence, systematics is relevant to other branches of biology.


Describe the establishment of a zoological park.

Zoological parks are related to wild animals and their natural habitats. It helps to maintain ecological balance. It also provides wood and increases rainfall. Apart from zoological parks, national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves also play important role in conservation of wildlife. It is difficult to establish and maintain zoological parks. It is very time-consuming. Establishment of the zoological park requires knowledge, experience, and hard work. It includes the selection of site, animals for the park, public amenities such as restaurants, car parks, toilets. It also requires constant electric and water supply.


Define numerical taxonomy?

Numerical taxonomy is defined as the numerical evaluation of the similarity between groups of organisms and the ordering of these groups into higher ranking taxa on the basis of these similarities. It may be defined as the branch of taxonomy that uses mathematical methods to evaluate observable difference and similarities between taxonomic groups.


Match the following lists

A) The housefly, Musca domestica, is a fly of the order Diptera, suborder Cyclorrhapha. The housefly is the insect with the widest distribution in the world.
B) Common wheat, also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species of the order Poales and family Poaceae.
C) Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, is a species of flowering plant of the order Sapindales and family Anacardiaceae.  It is native to the Indian subcontinent.
D) Homo sapiens is the scientific name for the human species. Homo  Sapiens belong to the order Primates and family Hominidae.
Hence, the correct match is A- 3, B- 4, C- 2, D- 1.


Who introduced the term species?

John Ray introduced the term species.


Differentiate between species and taxon.

  • Species contains a group of individuals with the same morphological characters and they can breed among themselves. In the system of taxonomic classification, it is considered the last group of classification, containing organisms with more similarity than the other groups.
  • A taxon is simply a group of one or more population of an organism in taxonomical form. It is just a level of biological classification. eg: Family, order, class etc.
  • Species is a taxonomic category and can be said as a taxon.


Mark the odd one in the series.
Family, Class, Taxon, Phylum

  • Phylum- Placing similar Class together with similar characters. In animal it is Phylum.
  • Class-Placing similar order together with similar characters.
  • Family-Placing similar Genus together with similar characters.
  • Taxon- A group of one or more population of an organism in taxonomical form.
  • So the odd one is 'Taxon'.


A group of similar organisms, which freely breeds among themselves is _____

A group of similar organisms, which freely breeds among themselves is species. They produce fertile offspring.


In taxonomic hierarchy, various categories are arranged in _______ series.

Domain- Broadest level covering similar Kingdoms together.
Kingdom- Placing similar Phylum together with similar characters.
Phylum/ Division- Placing similar Class together with similar characters.
  • In animal it is Phylum.
  • In plant it is Division.
Class-Placing similar order together with similar characters.
Order-Placing similar family together with similar characters.
Family-Placing similar Genus together with similar characters.
Genus-Placing similar Species together with similar characters.
Species-Placing similar individuals together with similar characters which can interbreed.
So, the correct option is 'Descending'.

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The concept of biological species was given by ...........

The biological species concept is the most widely accepted species concept. It defines species in terms of interbreeding. For instance, Ernst Mayr defined a species as follows: "species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups."


What are infraspecific taxa ?

categories included within a species are intraspecific taxa, like subspecies and variety
For example, Gorilla gorilla - subspecies graueri



Some of the taxonomic categories in the taxonomic hierarchy are given at random. Arrange them in correct ascending series form, class, genus, order, species, family, variety

Form, variety, species, genus, family, order, class is the correct ascending order of taxonomic hierarchy.


Name the basic unit of biological classification.

Species is the basic unit of classification.


Describe the hierarchical system of classification currently being followed.

Domain- Broadest level covering similar Kingdoms together.
Kingdom- Placing similar Phylum together with similar characters.
Phylum/ Division- Placing similar Class together with similar characters.
  • In animal it is Phylum.
  • In plant it is Division.
Class-Placing similar order together with similar characters.
Order-Placing similar family together with similar characters.
Family-Placing similar Genus together with similar characters.
Genus-Placing similar Species together with similar characters.
Species-Placing similar individuals together with similar characters which can interbreed.

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Why is it not advisable to separate two species on the basis of gross morphology alone? What other criteria should be taken into consideration?

Characteristics based on which five kingdom classification was done:
  • Cell structure
  • Thallus organization.
  • Mode of nutrition
  • Source of nutrition
  • Mode of reproduction
  • Body complexity.
  • Phylogenetic relationship.
Since morphology alone is not enough to determine the difference between the two individuals these characteristics are used to differentiate them.


Name various units of classification in their hierarchical levels and explain these with examples.

Domain- Broadest level covering similar Kingdoms together.
Kingdom- Placing similar Phylum together with similar characters.
Phylum/ Division- Placing similar Class together with similar characters.
  • In animal it is Phylum.
  • In plant it is Division.
Class-Placing similar order together with similar characters.
Order-Placing similar family together with similar characters.
Family-Placing similar Genus together with similar characters.
Genus-Placing similar Species together with similar characters.
Species-Placing similar individuals together with similar characters which can interbreed.

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Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
A .......... is a systematic enumeration of plant species occurring is a given region.


$$\textbf{Solution}$$

$$\bullet$$ A Flora is a systematic enumeration of the plant species occurring in a given region.

$$\bullet$$   Flora is the all plant life which is present in a particular region at a particular time and generally indicates the naturally occurring native plants.

$$\bullet$$   Examples of a Flora includes grasslands, forest, flowering and non flowering plants.

$$\bullet$$  Flora helps in the liberation of oxygen which is consumed by the fauna to carry out the respiratory activities.

$$\bullet$$  So the correct answer is Flora.




Value based questions.
Give the scientific name of a species of fungus which:
produces a plant disease

Pbytcphthora infestans (late blight of potato)


Name two major herbaria of India.

Central National Herbarium, Sibpur and Herbarium of the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.


What is the role of botanical gardens in biosystematic studies?

  • The botanical garden is the specialized gardens have the collection of living plants for reference.
  • Plant species in these gardens are grown for identification purposes and each plant is labeled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family.
  • The famous botanical gardens are at Kew (England)
  • Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (India)
  • National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India).


Mention five important herbaria.

  • Botanical Survey of India of Eastern Circle in Assam having 225,000.
  • French Institute of Pondicherry having 22,000.
  • Indian Botanical Garden of Kolkata having 10.00.000.
  • Central National Herbarium of Kolkata having 20,00,000.
  • Botanical Survey of India of Southern Regional Center in Coimbatore having 259,000.


Value based questions.
Give the scientific name of a species of fungus which:
is edible

Agaricus (mushroom)


What is an arboretum?

An arboretum is a term first published by John Claudius London in 1833 for any botanical garden which is completely dedicated to growing trees for conservation and other purposes like education, scientific research.


Write in brief about two important botanical gardens of India.

  • The botanical garden is the specialized gardens have the collection of living plants for reference.
  • Plant species in these gardens are grown for identification purposes and each plant is labelled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family.
  • The famous botanical gardens are at Kew (England)
  • Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (India)
  • National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India).


Name any one taxonomical aid.

Taxonomical aids are the collections of samples or preserved organisms which help in extensive research for the identification of various taxonomic hierarchy. It is used for classification of organisms and the information gathered is stored along with the specimens. 
For example, Herbarium  which is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed or preserved on sheets. These system are arranges according to universally accepted system. It also serves as a quick referral systems in taxonomic studies. 


Which species can be named as dominant species?

Dominant species is that species which represent most numerous population in serial or climax community.


What is a herbarium?

A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens and data regarding the same. In this, the dried plants are preserved, labeled and arranged systematically for scientific and evolutionary studies. It provides DNA samples. It also helps in validating scientific observations.


Select the correct sequence w.r.t. steps involved herbarium technique :
(a) Poisoning
(b) Collection 
(c) Drying
(d) Stitching
(e) Mounting
(f) Labeling
(g) Deposition

The correct w.r.t steps involved in herbarium technique are :
  • Collection of the specimen from field
  • Drying of the specimen for 24-48 hrs by pressing the specimen between the folds of newspapers.
  •  Mounting the specimen on the herbarium sheet using glue and cello-tape.
  •  Stitching of the part like stem to fix the specimen properly on the herbarium sheet.
  •  Preservation by spraying the fungicides.
  •  Labeling is done at the lower right-hand corner, indicating the name, date of collection, habit, locality of the specimen.
  •  Deposition under herbarium covers and placed in herbarium cupboards.


Match the following botanical gardens with their locations.

  • Royal botanical garden is situated in Kew, England.
  • Indian Botanical garden is present in Howrah, India.
  • National Botanical Research Institute is situated in Lucknow, India.


Describe the hierarchy of taxonomic categories.

  • Hierarchy is the sequence of arrangement of taxanomic categories in descending order from higher to lower during classification of organisms.
  • Hierarchy was first given by Linnaeus.
  • There are seven categories.
  • This includes kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Eg :-  Kingdom - Animalia
          Phylum - Chordata
          Class   - Mammalia
          Order - Primata
          Family - Hominidae
          Genus - Homo 
          Scientific name :- Homo sapiens


Write a brief note on taxonomic categories (K).

  1. The various grouping levels or ranks in classification are known as taxonomic categories.
  2. The levels or groups are known as a taxon.
  3. A taxon refers to a group of similar and genetically related individuals having certain characters different from other groups.
  4. There are basically, seven major categories like kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. 
  • Kingdom- The kingdom is the highest category in biological classification. It is a group of closely related organisms.
  • Phylum-  is a level of classification below Kingdom and above Class.
  • Class- is a group of related orders. 
  • Order- is a group of related families which exhibit a few similar characters. 
  • Family- is a group of the related genus.
  • Genus- is a group of related living things (as plants or animals) that ranks below the family.
  • Species-  is a group of actually or potentially inbreeding population reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is the lowest taxonomic characteristics.


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What is monograph?

A monograph is a comprehensive systematic study of a particular  taxonomic  group. 

Monographs try to review all the facts about a taxonomic group, species descriptions (includes morphology, phenology, ethnobotany, distribution, specimens cited, common names, etymology, etc.)



Write a note taxonomical aids.

Techniques, procedures and stored information that are useful in identification and classification of organisms are called taxonomic aids. Various taxonomical aids are:
1. Herbarium is a collection of pressed, dried and preserved plants, mounted on paper sheets, properly labelled, systematically arranged and available for reference or study. 
2. Botanical garden is a place where the plants are grown for scientific study and conservation. 
3. Biological museum is a place where the preserved plants and animal specimens are kept for reference.
4. Zoological park is an enclosed place where wild animals are publicly exhibited.
5. Key is a set of alternate characters in such a manner that helps in the identification of plants and animals by selecting and eliminating the characters according to their presence or absence in the organism. 


What are the measures used to record description of organisms?

  • Different ways by which we can record a description of organisms include different taxonomical aids:-
1) Herbaria :- 
  • Collection of dry pressed and preserved plant specimens mounted on sheets with detailed information used for the long-term and scientific study.
2) Botanical garden :- 
  • They are large sized tracts where plants of different types and areas are grown  and maintained for scientific and educational purposes.
3) Keys :-
  • They are artificial analytical devices in the form of dichotomic table of alternate characteristics.
  • They are used in the identification of class, order, family, genus and species.


Explain in brief criteria for animal classification.

Criteria for animal classification are:
1. Symmetry: Animals are radially symmetrical, bilaterally symmetrical or asymmetrical. 
2. Segmentation: Animals may or may not have segmented body. 
3. Appendages: Animals may have organs or parts attached to the trunk or outer body wall. 
4. Skeleton: Animals may have exoskeleton or endoskeleton.
5. Embryonic development:
6. Circulatory system: Animal may have open or closed circulatory system.
7. Body cavity: Animals may be coelomate, psuedocoelomate or acoelomate. 
8. Habitat: Animals may be terrestrial or aquatic. Aquatic animals may live in either fresh water or sea water.
9. Germ layers: Animals may be diploblastic or triploblastic.


Write short note on botanical garden.

Botanical gardens is the place of collection of living plants which are maintained for studies.
Role of botanical gardens are:
  • They give on-site teaching opportunities about plants, their collection and their classification.
  • They support research projects which integrate information from the diverse fields of anatomy, embryology, cytology etc.
  • They serve for the conservation of rare and endangered species.
  • They attract a large number of visitors for observing plant diversity.
  • They provide material for botanical research.
  • They also serves for preservation of herbarium specimens.
  • Major botanical gardens of India include Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur; National Botanical Garden, Lucknow; National Botanical Research Institute etc.


Write a note on Botanical Garden?

  • Botanical gardens are large area or garden dedicated for the collection, cultivation, and display of a wide range of plants which are labeled with their botanical names.
  • They are often run by scientific research organizations and often have associated herbaria and research programmes in plant taxonomy.
  •  Their significant role is to maintain documented collections of living plants for scientific research, conservation, display, and education.
  • It may consist of plant collections such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world.
  • Therefore they may have greenhouses, shadehouses with special collections of tropical plants, alpine plants, and exotic plants.
  • It allows us to grow plants which may become extinct i.e it helps to conserve species diversity and also allows restoration and rehabilitation of degraded habitats.
  • The most famous botanical garden in India is Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, Kolkata.
  • It is known for the Great Banyan Tree.


Differentiate between zoological parks and botanical gardens.

 Zoological parksBotanical gardens 
 It is a place where wild animals are kept under human observation in the natural environment. The main purpose of setting zoological parks are to maintain ecological balance in the environment and conserve wildlife.
 A botanical garden is defined as that place, where different varieties of plants are cultivated. Botanical gardens are established for scientific study.


Which one of the following class of phylum mollusca is correctly matched with its general characteristics? 
Gastropoda - larvae are bilaterally symmetrical; but in adult, the twisting of viscera makes them lose this symmetry. some, like land snail and slug (a shell-less form), live on land.
Bivalvia - They are sedentary filter feeders.
Cephalopoda - They are at the apex of invertebrate evolution in terms of learned behaviour they exhibit. The eyes are image forming, same what similar to ours.
Pelecypoda - They have sensory tentacles and their foot is reduced into a tongue - shaped structure which helps them to  burrow into sea floor.

1. The larvae of Gastropods is bilaterally symmetrical but adults lose their Symmetry due to torsion in the cell.
2. Bivalvia includes the clams, oysters, cockles, mussels, scallops, and numerous other families that live in saltwater, as well as a number of families that live in freshwater. The majority are filter feeders.
3. Coleoidea subclass (cuttlefish, squid, and octopuses), are thought to be the most intelligent invertebrates and an important example of advanced cognitive evolution in animals. They have vertebrate-like eyes.
4. Pelecypoda buries themselves in sediment where they are relatively safe from predation. Others lie on the sea floor or attach themselves to rocks or other hard surfaces. Some bivalves, such as the scallops and file shells, can swim.
So, the correct option is 'All of these'.


On the basis of the characteristics given below, name the phylum or class:
Presence of vertibral column, hairy skin and oviparous in nature _____.

Mammalia.
The characteristic features of mammalia are :
  • Mammals are endothermic vertebrates.
  • Have hair and fur on the body.
  • Have mammary glands.
  • Four chambered hearts.
  • Have sebaceous (fat secreting glands), sudoriferus (sweat), and scent glands.
  • Have heterodont dentation (different types of teeth).
  • Posses diaphragm.


On the basis of the characteristics given below, name the phylum or class:
Presence of vertebral column, respiration by skin, three cham bered heart _____.

Amphibians.
They are Characterized by :
  • Being tetrapods (4 limbs) that facilitate moving about on land - these limbs evolved from the pectoral and pelvic fins.
  • Skin is thin, soft, glandular and magid.
  • Ectothermic.
  • Both gill and lung breathers - usually gills in the larval stage are replaced by lungs in the adult; cutaneous respiration in many.
  • Three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle.


On the basis of the characteristics given below, name the phylum or class:
Animals with porous body and cellurlar organization _______. 

Porifera
It's characteristic features are :
1. Exclusively marine, mostly aquatic.
2. Cellular level of organisation.
3. Adults are sessile and young ones are free swimming.
4. Water enters into the large body cavity through ostia and comes out through osculum. This is known as water canal system.
5. Water canal system helps in food gathering, respiratory gases and removal of waste.
6. Body is made up of spicules.
7. Primitive and multicellular.
8. Nutrition: Holozoic and digestion: Intracellular.
9. Fertilization: Internal and development: Indirect.


Briefly explain any three types of taxonomical aids.

The different types of taxonomical aids are:
  • Herbarium: Herbarium sheets are used to preserve plant specimens. In these sheets, the plants are arranged according to their taxonomical hierarchy.
  • Museums: Plants and animals are preserved in formalin in jars and containers or are stuffed and preserved.
  • Keys: They are taxonomical aids that help characterise plants and animals based on their common characteristics.


Write the objectives of classification of plants.

Classification is defined as the process of placing the organisms that share the most common features together. It is done to serve the following objectives:
  1. It allows quick identification of plants across different regions.
  2. It allows an understanding of phylogenetic relationship.
  3. It allows studies of plants in a systematic manner.


What is the role of father in child development?

Father's, like mothers, are pillars in the development of a child's emotional well-being children look to their fathers to lay down the rules and enforce them. 


A Child's learning and socialization are most influenced by their _________. 

A Child's learning and socialization are most influenced by their family. 


Who proposed the binomial nomenclature of organisms and is considered as "Father of Taxonomy" ? What was his nationality ?

Carolus Linnaeus (Karl von Linne) proposed the binomial  nomenclature of organisms. He was a doctor by profession and was born in Sweden (Swedish).


Give two salient features or any unique feature of each of the following division or Phylum:
A. Division Thallophyta.
B. Division Pteridophyta.
C. Division Gymnosperms.
D. Phylum Coelenterata.
E. Phylum Annelida.
F. Phylum Arthropoda
G. Phylum protochordata.
H. Phylum Vertebrata.

(A).Division: Thallophyta
The plant body is thalloid, that is, not divided into true root, stem or leaves 
Conducting elements are absent in thallophytes
(B) Division: Pteridophyta
Pteridophyta are first true land plants
They are seedless, vascular cryptogams
(c) Division: Gymnosperms 
They have naked seeds, that is, its seeds are not protected in the fruit 
 The flower is absent.
Pollination is  by wind (anemphilous)
(D) Phylum :Coelenterata
Presence of cnidoblast cells, therefore, Phylum also known as Cnidaria . All the members of phylum Coelenterata are aquatic, mostly marine.
(E) Phylum : Annelida
Body is metamerically segmented
First Phylum having a true coelom
(F) Phylum:  Arthropoda 
Animals having jointed appendages
Largest and most successful phylum on the Earth
(G) sub phylum: Protochordata
Pharynx perforated by Gill slits.
A post-anal tail is present. Brain box is absent.
(H) Sub phylum :Vertebrata
The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult
Presence of dorsal hollow nerve cord.


Why the botanical gardens were established?

Botanical Gardens are established to conserve naturally extinct and endangered plant species. There are 1600 botanical gardens in the world. These are established for seed bank and conservation of plant species. Professor J. C. Bose Botanical Garden is in West Bengal which is about 269 acre land area. 


_______ has smallest number of organisms with maximum number of similar characters.

Species has the smallest number of organisms with maximum number of similar characters.
Species are organisms that are morphologically similar and can interbreed to give rise to fertile organisms.


Why reproduction is necessary?

By reproduction the continuity of biological species is maintained right from the time of their origin. Though like respiration and excretion, reproduction is not essential for the life of an individual but is necessary for the existence and continuity of species in universe. 


Couplet in taxonomic key means . 

Contrasting characters 


  1. What are taxonomical aids? 
  2. Give the importance of Herbaria and Museums. 
  3. How are Botanical gardens and Zoological parks useful in conserving biodiversity?

  1. The tools which help in studying plant and animal species are called taxonomical aids. Taxonomical aids include either live species of plants or animals or preserved remains. In the case of animals: Museum specimens are kept under proper preservation. In the case of plants, Herbaria are used for keeping preserved specimens. 
  2. Importance of Herbarium: Herbarium works as a repository of specimens for future reference. This also includes detailed information about the classification of a particular specimen. Importance of Museums: Museums have a much wider collection of plants and animal specimen. Museums may also have skeletons of many extinct animals. Thus, a museum offers more options for finding rich information while studying about a plant or animal. Museums are usually maintained by educational institutions and thus they serve as an important tool of study for students as well as for the scientific community.
  3. Role of Botanical and Zoological Parks in Conserving Biodiversity: Botanical and Zoological Parks serve the very important purpose of conserving biodiversity. A botanical or zoological park is probably the most secure place for plants and animals to live in their natural habitat. Specially trained personnel take good care of plants and animal species. They also carry out selective breeding of various plants and animals to maintain the continuity of a particular species. Moreover, proper treatment is available in case some disease afflicts the plants and animals in such parks. Thus, it can be said that botanical and zoological parks play important role in conserving biodiversity. 


 Define a taxon. What is meant by taxonomic hierarchy? Give a flow diagram from the lowest to highest category for a plant and an animal. What happens to the number of Individuals and number of shared characters as we go up the taxonomical hierarchy? 

Taxon: A level of biological classification is called a taxon, e.g. phylum, order, family. etc. 
Taxonomic Hierarchy: In taxonomy, different tan have their own different levels. This means that a particular taxon will come only after another particular taxon. For example; species always comes after the genus and It can never be the other way around. 

Flow Chart of Plant Categories 
Kingdom -> Division -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species 
Flow Chart of Animal Categories 
Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species 

When we go up the taxonomic hierarchy; the number of common characters becomes lesser and lesser. For example; all members of a species will have the maximum number of common characters. On the other hand, all members of a genus will have a lesser number of common characters. The number of Individuals increases as we go up the taxonomical hierarchy. 


Which is the largest botanical garden in the world? Name a few well known botanical gardens in India. 

 The Royal Botanical Garden in Kew (London) is the largest botanical garden in the world. Some of the well known botanical gardens in India are as follows: 
(a) Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur, Kolkata 
(b) Lloyd Botanical Garden. Darjeeling 
(c) Botanical Garden of FRI, Dehradun 
(d) National Botanical Garden. Lucknow 



Write a correct phylum name beside each of these terms.
(a) radial symmetry, (b) pseudocoelom, (c) tissue level of organisation, (d) tube-within-a-tube body plan, (c) cephalization.

(a)Radial symmetry - Coelenterata, Example-Hydra (b) Pseudocoelom - Nematoda, Ascaris (c) Tissue level of organisation - Coelenterata,-Example Hydra  (d) Tube- with -in-a-tube pattern -Annelida,Example - Pheritima (e) Cephalization - Arthropoda, Example-Periplenata



A student of taxonomy was puzzled when told by his professor to look for a key to Identify a plant. He went to his friend to clarify what 'Key' the professor was referring to ? What would the friend explain to him ?

  Key is an important tool to study a taxonomic category. A key Is composed of two contrasting characters. These characters generally occur in pairs and such a pair is called a couplet While studying a key; either of the contrasting characters is rejected or accepted. Thus, a choice is made between the two contrasting characters in a key. Each statement in the key is called a lead. it is important to note that a key is usually analytical in nature. Moreover, separate keys need to be used for different taxonomic categories. Keys help in step-by-step identification of a particular organism. For example: presence or absence of notochord gives us a clue whether the organism belongs to sub-phylum Vertebrata or Invertebrata. Similarly, presence of absence of lungs tells us if the organism belongs to group Tetrapoda or Pisces. 


A scientist come across a plant which he feels is a new species. How will he go about its identification, classification and nomenclature?

If a scientist comes across a plant which he/she feels is a new species, will first try to identify the plant using various taxonomic keys. 
For that he/she needs to first list down all the morphological features of the plant.
Especially if its a flowering plant, then the detailed description of the whorls.
Then, using the morphological features of the plant he can identify the plant upto the category of family.
He /she can use this classification and ensure it to be a novel species, through Herbaria and by consulting various botanical gardens or through online journals and other publications
Since, he/she is the one to discover it, can provide a binomial name for the same.


In botanical gardens and tea gardens, gardeners trim the plants regularly so that they remain bushy. Does this practice have any scientific explanation?

Apical dominance in these plants prevent the growth of lateral branches. Removing shoot apex helps in promoting lateral growth and thus, plants become more bushy.


Rearrange the following categories of classification in their proper sequence starting with the highest.

Species, family, genus, class, order, phylum. 

Listed below is the order starting from the highest to lowest:
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species


Match the items in Column I with as many as possible and even repeatedly from Column II.
Column I Column II
1. Pine (i) Fungi
Earthworm(ii) Monera
Bread mould(iii) Prokaryote
Amoeba(iv) Gymnosperm
Moss(v) Plantae
Bacteria(vi) Animalia 
(vii) Protista
(viii) Bryophyta

Listed below are the matched items:
 Column I Column II
 Pine  Plantae
  Gymnosperm
 Earthworm Animalia
 Bread mould Fungi
 Amoeba Protista
 Moss Plantae
  Bryophyta
 Bacteria Monera
  Prokaryote


Why fennel seeds taste sweet while chewing?

Fennel seeds taste sweet while chewing because they contain chemical anethole.


Why turmeric is yellow in colour?

The yellow colour is due to the presence of Curcumin.


All humans on earth today may differ widely in their facial features, colour, height, etc. Yet, they belong to a single species Homo sapiens. Give one reason why they are not considered belonging to different species.

All humans on the earth today may differ widely in their facial features, colour, height, etc. Yet they belong to a single species Homo sapiens as they can interbreed amongst themselves and reproduce offsprings that are similar to the parent, exhibiting parental features and are normal. 
Species are organisms of a specific kind wherein members can interbreed amongst themselves so as to produce younger ones that are fertile. Consequently, though humans differ in their characteristics, they can still breed to produce fertile offsprings.


Why are scientific names of living beings considered better than their common names?

Science is a field wherein people from different parts of the world having different dialects are required to read about each other’s research. It became a necessity to avoid any possible confusion that would be created using local names. Scientific names are particularly given in a scientific language using certain rules that are unique and universally applicable. Hence these names can be used to recognize an entity anywhere in the world. This is the reason why scientific names of living beings are considered better.


Differentiate the taxonomic aids Herbarium and Keys.

The herbarium is used to study the plant specimen. In this method, plant specimen is collected, dried, pressed and preserved. It can be used as a quick reference while studying organisms.

On the other hand, keys are more analytical in nature. They are identified based on the contrasting characteristics of each species. Each statement in a key is called a lead. 


What is a species?

A group of closely related organisms or individuals that are capable of interbreeding, and very similar. By interbreeding, they produce fertile offspring. Species is the fundamental category of taxonomic classification ranking under genus or subgenus.
Eg. Housefly-Muscus domestica (scientific name), domestica is species name.


A scientist has come across a plant which he feels is a new species. How will he go about its identification, classification and nomenclature.  

The man of science can initial determine the family to that the plant belongs.

He can more follow the given steps

(i) exploitation genus key, the genus is known.

(ii) exploitation species key, identification is administered.

(iii) because the genus is thought, the species is provided currently with a Latinised name as per tips. 

(iv) an example or holo kind is placed during a recognised herbarium or repository.

(v) Name, description and report-of the invention is printed during a putative scientific journal.



Complete the crossword puzzle. 
Down
Species on the verge of extinction.
A book carrying information about endangered species.
Consequences of deforestation.
Across
Species which have vanished.
Species found only in a particular habitat.
Variety of plants, animals, and microorganisms found in an area.

464531_b3214752d37b4965a7849efd22d1b9da.png

Down 
1. ENDANGERED
2. RED DATA BOOK
5. DESERTS
1. Endangered species are species of animal or plant which is in danger of getting extinct.
2. A Red Data Book is a book that compiles a list of species whose continued existence is threatened. 
5. Deforestation means clearing or cutting trees on a large scale. The loss of vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, etc.
Across
1. EXTINCT 
3. ENDEMIC 
4. BIODIVERSITY
1. An extinct species is a species that can no longer be found on Earth.
3. An endemic species is one that is only found in that region and nowhere else in the world.
4. Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat.


Try to collect all the currently accepted meanings for the word species. Discuss with your teacher the meaning of species in case of higher plants and animals on one hand, and bacteria on the other hand?

Explanation:

  • In biological terms, species is the basic unit of taxonomy. 
  • A group of organisms with similar structural and functional characteristics that breed in nature only with each other and have a close common ancestry is called a species.
  • In case of higher plants and animals, one species is distinguished from the other on the basis of distinct morphological differences.
  • In case of bacteria, one species is distinguished from the other basis of shape.
Hence, the meaning of species in case of higher plants and animals, and bacteria are different.



How classical taxonomy is different from modern taxonomy ?

Classical taxonomy is also called as systematics. Modern taxonomy is called as biosystematics. In classical taxonomy, classification is based on morphology. In modern taxonomy, classification is based on phylogenetic relationships of the organisms. In classical taxonomy, only a few individuals were studied. However, in modern taxonomy, the large number of individuals were studied. 


How is a species of group revised ?

Species of the group is revised on the basis of herbarium studies and synoptic literature review studies. The descriptions are confined to diagnostic characters. The herbarium is the collection of plant samples and studies the data stored in it.


Botanical gardens are living herbaria? Comment.

Botanical gardens are living herbaria. Herbaria is a collection of specimens in an herbarium sheets. In this, the specimen is killed or dried and preserved. Whereas, in botanical gardens, they are preserved alive. An appropriate environment required by living herbaria is maintained.


What are polytypic genera?

They are genera which have more than one species.


How would you maintain a zoological park?

Zoological parks are related to wild animals and their natural habitats. It helps to maintain ecological balance. It is difficult to establish and maintain zoological parks. It is very time-consuming. Maintenance of zoological park requires knowledge, experience, and hard work. It is essential to provide natural conditions to the wild animals. It requires constant electric and water supply. A Proper diet should be given at regular and scheduled times to wild animals. The zoological park should be maintained in highly hygienic condition.


Explain the utility of systematic.

Systematics is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and relationship between them. It is based on the comparative anatomy, physiology, ecology and other biological studies. It is used in the field of medicine, agriculture, forestry, and industries. It provides knowledge of the origin and evolutionary history. It helps in identification of crop pests and in solving the problems of epidemic diseases.


Distinguish between: (a) Systematics and taxonomy (b) Artificial and natural systems of classification (c) Species and taxon.

 a) Artificial system classification Natural system of classification
1. Classification is based on the superficial characteristics of organisms. Classification is based on the natural relationship between plants.
2. It does not give any information about evolutionary origin. Although it does not give an idea about the evolutionary origin but gives some relationship between them.
 3. Example: Linnaean system. Example: Bentham and Hooker’s system.



Explain the term species and hierarchical classification.

Hierarchical classification is a system of classifying organisms in different hierarchical levels. It includes the sequence of categories in a decreasing or increasing order from kingdom to species and vice versa. The domain is the highest rank in the hierarchy followed by division or kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Species is the lowest rank in the hierarchy. The species is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. These are the large number of physically similar organisms which can exchange genetic information.


Illustrate the taxonomic hierarchy with suitable examples.

The taxonomic hierarchy was introduced by Linnaeus. It is also known as a Linnaean hierarchy. It is used to classify organisms into different categories. It includes the sequence of categories in a decreasing or increasing order from kingdom to species and vice versa. The domain is the highest rank in the hierarchy followed by division or kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Species is the lowest rank in the hierarchy. 
For example, classification of human being
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Mammalia
Order – Primate
Family – Hominidae
Genus – Homo
Species – Sapiens.


Class 11 Medical Biology Extra Questions