Class 12 Engineering Chemistry - Alcohols,Phenols And Ethers

How do you condemn the use of alcohol as a social practice.

i) Ethanol is commonly called alcohol and is active ingridient of alcoholic drinks,
ii) Consumption of small quantity of dilute ethanol causes drunkness.
iii) Large quantity of ethanol consumption tends to slow metabolic processes and to depress the central nervous system.
iv) Excess of alcoholism affect lungs of a person and may lead to his death.
v) Alcoholic consumption causes continuous economic loss to the family.
vi) Drunkenne driving causes many accidents.
vii) So I condemn the use of alcohol by telling the harmful effects of alcohol.

Write a reasonable and detailed mechanism for the following transformation.

1421676_129132_ans_bf78b85f23d74316ad1fa6a552fe0acd.jpg

Write the IUPAC name.

b''

1280398_137508_ans_dc8f74b0cba64d7381f09532891259f7.jpg

Write the name and formula of the second member of the carbon compounds having functional group-OH.

The second member of carbon compounds with group -OH (alcohol) is ethanol and its formula is

$CH_3CH_2OH.$

Write the mechanism for the preparation of ethanol form ethane.

1309521_1318816_ans_155a240d695c4181b61320060df18f38.PNG

Name the method which can give following product

It is Markovnikov product where the alcohol adds to the most substituted carbon, you react the alkene with mercuric acetate, Hg(OAc)₂ and water, followed by addition of sodium borohydride, NaBH₄

Propan-1-ol cannot be prepared by acid catalysed hydration of propane, then how is propene converted into propan-1-ol?

Propene is converted to Prop-1-ol through Hydroboration Oxidation (Anti-Markonikoff's rule).
1308856_1280294_ans_56d904fc549d4f008b1a54a6fe6d158c.PNG

1308856_1280294_ans_56d904fc549d4f008b1a54a6fe6d158c.PNG

Write the stability of given alcohols
$CH_3OH$ , $CH_3CH_2OH$ , $CH_3CH_2CH_2OH$

1376239_1126744_ans_ee1974e110e94439a1297cf7c6fe6a22.jpg

Identify missing products obtained in this reaction.
$CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{3}\xrightarrow{Br_{2}/hv}$ $(A)\xrightarrow{aq KOH}(B)\xrightarrow[\Delta ]{H_{2SO_{4}}}(C)\xrightarrow[CCl_{4}]{Br_{2}}(D)$

1129442_129126_ans_cc3a38cb037a45ac8db93d81d0e581b4.png

$CH_3-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}{C}H=CH_2\xrightarrow{Reagent}\,Alcohol$
Match the alcohol product with the suitable reagent.

1129790_137150_ans_20816661851c4502a05039741533e6bb.png

The given IUPAC name is 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane-3-ol

Is the above statement correct?

According to IUPAC nomenclature, we have to give preference to the functional groups. So, the numbering starts from the functional group

$-OH$ which is attached to the carbon atom. At the position of 4-C there 2 methyl groups are present.

All these attached to the benzene ring. The IUPAC name of the given compound is 4,4-dimethylcyclohexan-1-ol

Therefore, the statement is false.

1175507_128718_ans_a9629ece68f24c60a4a2a99221632355.png

The name of the compound is Cyclopent-1-en-3-ol
If true enter 1, else enter 0.

The IUPAC name of the given compound is Cyclopent-2-en-1-ol.

The name of the compound is isobutyl alcohol.
If true enter 1, else enter 0.

False.

There are 4 carbons in the longest chain. Two substitutes one methyl group and one alcohol both are attached at second carbon. Therefore, the given compound is tert-Amyl alcohol and its IUPAC name is 2-methyl-2-butanol.

Convert t-Butanol to the given compound.

Since the alkyl halides are reactive, they undergo double decomposition with Grignard reagent.
1011992_243626_ans_4f8087f4e9cd412badd070ade389f188.PNG

1011992_243626_ans_4f8087f4e9cd412badd070ade389f188.PNG

The given alcohol is _______ (primary/ secondary) alcohol.
(If your answer is primary type 1 else 2)

Alcohols are those organic compounds which are characterized by the presence of one, two or more hydroxyl groups (−OH) that are attached to the carbon atom in an alkyl group or hydrocarbon chain.

If the -OH group is attached to primary carbon atom then it is called primary alcohol.

So, given compound is a primary alcohol.

Suggest a sequence of reactions suitable for preparing propanol from $2-propanol.$

Following reactions will yield the following conversion:

$CH_3CH_2CH_2OH\xrightarrow[Heat]{H_{2}SO_{4}}\xrightarrow[NaOH]{B_{2}H_{6}-H_{2}O_{2}}CH_3CHOHCH_3$

Show how would you synthesise the above alcohols from appropriate alkenes :

Addition of

$\displaystyle H_{2}O$ to both these alkenes gives the desired alcohol.

How are the following conversions carried out?
Propen $\displaystyle \rightarrow$ Propan-2-ol

Propan-2-ol can be prepared from propene by hydration as shown below:

How would you synthesize an alcohol from appropriate alkenes?

Since addition and elimination are opposite to each other, the general strategy is to first dehydrate alcohol to give either a single alkene or a mixture of alkenes. If a mixture of alkenes is possible, find out which of the alkenes will give the desired alcohol. The acid-catalysed addition of

$\displaystyle H_{2}O$ to alkenes occurs in accordance with Markovnikov's rule.

Writer the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.

Step 1 involves the Protonation of Ethanol by acid
Step 2 is the rate determining step where carbocation is formed.
In Step 3, a proton is eliminated to form Ethene. Here, the acid consumed in the first step is released.

1049747_248873_ans_4d8b1f123ab548028063e11a3c80478e.jpg

1049747_248873_ans_4d8b1f123ab548028063e11a3c80478e.jpg

Write the equations involved in the following reaction.
Williamson ether synthesis.

Williamson ether synthesis is used for the preparation of simple as well as mixed ethers.
Alkyl halide reacts with alcoholic sodium or potassium alkoxide to form ether.

$R-O-Na + R'-X \xrightarrow {\Delta} R-O-R'+NaX$

For example, sodium methoxide reacts with methyl iodide to form dimethyl

ether.

$CH_3-O-Na +CH_3-I \xrightarrow {\Delta} CH_3-O-CH_3+NaI$

Match the column I with column II.

Oxy mercuration demercuration of 1-methyl cyclopentene gives 1-methyl cyclopentanol.
Hydroboration oxidation of methylenecyclopentane gives cyclopentyl methanol.
Acid catalyzed hydration of 3-methylcyclopent-1-ene gives 3-methylcyclopentanol.
Oxymercuration demercuration of 4-methylcyclopent-1-ene gives 1-methyl cyclopentanol.

How can you synthesize Ethanol from Ethene?

Ethene can be obtained from ethanol as follows:

${CH}_{3}{CH}_{2}OH \xrightarrow [ { 170 }^{ o }C ]{ conc.{ H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } } {H}_{2}C={CH}_{2}+{H}_{2}O$

Explain why is ortho nitrophenol more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol?

In ortho nitro phenol, electron withdrawing nitro group is present in ortho position, the electron density of

$O-H$ bond is reduced.
This makes removal of proton easy. After deprotonation, o-nitrophenoxide ion is resonance stabilized. Hence, ortho nitrophenol is a stronger acid.
In ortho methoxyphenol, electron releasing methoxy group is present in ortho position, the electron density of

$O-H$ bond is increased.
This makes removal of proton difficult. Hence, ortho methoxyphenol is less acidic.

Show how will you synthesise:
(i) 1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.
(ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an $S_N2$ reaction.
(iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide.

$(i)$

$1$ -phenylethanol can be prepared from ethylbenzene (styrene) by acid catalyzed hydration.

$(ii)$ Cyclohexylmethanol is prepared using chloromethylcyclohexane by a

$S_N2$ reaction by treatment with

$NaOH$ . Hydroxide ion is the nucleophile.

$(iii)$ Pentan-

$1$ -ol can be prepared by using

$1$ -chloropentane by a

$S_N2$ reaction by treatment with

$NaOH$ . Hydroxide ion is the nucleophile.

Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.

Three steps are involved in the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.

$(1)$ The electrophillic attack of hydronium ion protonates ethene to form carbocation.

$(2)$ Water (as a nucleophile) attacks carbocation.

$(3)$ Deprotonation gives ethanol.
The mechanism is shown above.

Write chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.

Fusion of chlorobenzene with

$NaOH$ (at

$623$ K and

$320$ atm pressure) produces sodium phenoxide. On acidification, it gives phenol.

How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Propene $\longrightarrow$ Propan-2-ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride $\longrightarrow$ Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride $\longrightarrow$ Propan-1-ol
(iv) Methyl magnesium bromide $\longrightarrow$ 2-Methylpropan-2-ol

Show how would you synthesise the following alcohols from appropriate alkenes?

Convertion of alkenes to alcohols can be carried out by the acid catalyzed hydration of alkenes.
A molecule of water is added across C=C double bond. Addition follows Markovnikov's rule.

Write the name and structure of an alcohol with four carbon atoms in its molecule.

Butanol is an alcohol which has four carbon atoms in its molecule. Its stuctural formula is

$CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2OH$ .

How will you convert:
(i) Propene to propan $-1-$ ol?
(ii) Ethanal to propan-2-ol?

(i)

$\underset{propene}{CH_3CH=CH_2} + HBr \xrightarrow {peroxide} CH_3CH_2CH_2Br + KOH(aq) \xrightarrow {\Delta} \underset{propan-1-ol}{CH_3CH_2CH_2OH}$

(ii)

$\underset{Ethanal}{CH_3CH=O} \xrightarrow {CH_3MgI} CH_3CH(OMgI)CH_3 \xrightarrow {H^+,H_2O} \underset{propan-2-ol}{CH_3CH(OH)CH_3}$

Write the IUPAC name of the given compound :

The IUPAC name of the given compound is 2-phenyl ethanol. The parent compound contains two

$C$ atoms and an

$-OH$ group. Hence, it is a derivative of ethanol. A phenyl group is present as a substituent on second carbon atom.

Draw the structure of major monohalo product in each of the following reactions.

R.E.F image

Addition in presence of peroxide yields product according to anti - Markovnikov rule of addition.

Write the equations involved in the following reactions:
(i) Reimer - Tietmann reaction
(ii) Williamson synthesis

The equations involved in the following reactions are as shown
(i) Reimer - Tietmann reaction: Sodium phenoxide on treatment with chloroform in presence of aq KOH gives Salicylaldehyde.
(ii) Williamson synthesis: Sodium phenoxide reacts with methyl iodide to form an ether.

Arrange the following compounds in the decreasing order of their boiling points.
a) Pentan-1-ol
b) 2-Methylbutan-2-ol
c) 3-Methylbutan-2-ol

The boiling point of a compound increase with an increase in molecular weight. Boiling points decrease with increase in branching of the carbon chain.Here pentan

$-1-$ ol,

$2-$ methyl butane

$2-$ ol,

$3-$ methylbutane

$-2-$ ol are isomers.So they have the same molecular mass.

But braching increases from petan

$-1-$ ol to

$3-$ methylbuten

$2-$ ol.So,the boiling point order is

$a>b>c$

Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than haloalkanes of the same molecular mass?

Alcohols have higher boiling points than haloalkanes of same molecules mass because alcohols alcohol

$(-OH)$ have hydroxyl groups which involve in hydrogen bonding.As the intermolecular forces are high in hydrogen bonding,alcohols have higher boiling points than haloalkanes.

Arrange the following in the decreasing order of their boiling points:
$\displaystyle CH_3CH_2OH, HOCH_2CH_2OH, CH_3CH_2Cl$ .

Boiling point of a compound increases with increases in intermolecular forces.Here

$HOCH_2CH_2OH>CH_3CH_2OH>CH_3CH_2Cl$ [order of intermolecular forces]

Due to two hydroxyl groups there is strong hydrogen bonding compared to one hydroxyl group and one chloride group.

So,the order of boiling points is

$HOCH_2CH_2OH>CH_3CH_2OH>CH_3CH_2Cl$

Can we dry ethanol by anhydrous $CaCl_2$ ?

Yes,

$CaCl_{ 2 }$ is commonly used as a drying agent in the chemical laboratories. This is usually an imagine and insoluble salt which fast absorbs water and become hydrated.

Liquid alkalies as well as alcohols are added to water. What observation do you predict? Justify your prediction.

Since alcohol and phenol are acidic in nature. So when their solution are added in the water along with the alkali solution, they form corresponding salts in the solution.
1038450_522778_ans_e52353b5acc243bab35f1033fb0f261c.PNG

1038450_522778_ans_e52353b5acc243bab35f1033fb0f261c.PNG

Ethyl alcohol and propane have nearly equal molecular weights. But, the former is a liquid with high boiling point and the latter is a gas with low boiling point. Give reason.

Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes of same molecules mass because alcohols

$(-OH)$ have hydroxyl groups which involve in hydrogen bonding.As the intermolecular forces are relatively high in hydrogen bonding,ethylalcohol has higher boiling point than propane.

What is the major product when ethanol is treated with $conc. H_{2}SO_{4}$ at $413\ K$ ?

Ethylene is the major product when ethanol is treated with conc.

$\displaystyle H_2SO_4$ at

$413$ K.

$\displaystyle CH_3-CH_2-OH \xrightarrow [413 \: K]{conc \: H_2SO_4} CH_2=CH_2 + H_2O$
This is an example of dehydration reaction. A molecule of water is eliminated.

(a) Write the IUPAC name and structural formula of secondary-Butyl alcohol.
(b) Give equations for preparation of phenol from the following compounds:
(i) Benzene
(ii) Aniline.
(c) Write the resonance structures of phenol.

(a) The IUPAC name of secondary-Butyl alcohol is butan-2-ol.
(b) Preparation of phenol:
(i) From benzene (Raschig process):
Benzene reacts with HCl and O

$_2$ in presence of CuCl

$_2$ / FeCl

$_3$ catalyst to form chlorobenzene. On treatement with steam at 425 deg C, chlorobenzene gives phenol.

(ii) From aniline:
Diazotisation of aniline with nitrous acid gives benzene diazonium chloride. Benzene diazonium chloride when treated with water in presence of dil sulphuric acid gives phenol.

(c) The resonance structures of phenol are as shown.

How is carbolic acid prepared from the following compound?
(i) Aniline
(ii) Chlorobenzene and steam at $698$ K?
Draw structure of DDT. Write its environmental effects.
Mention two physical properties of carbolic acid.

Some of the environmental effects of DDT are.

(i) It is not readily metabolised by animals.
(ii) It is deposited and stored in fatty tissues..
The two physical properties of carbolic acid or phenol are:
(i) Pure phenol is a colourless, hygroscopic, crystalline solid with typical phenolic odour. On exposure to air and light, it turns pink due to partial oxidation.
(ii) Phenol has low melting point

$(316K)$ , but has higher boiling point

$(455K)$ due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding.

Write balanced chemical equations for the action of:

(1) Phosphorus trichloride on propan-2-ol
(2) Hydrogen bromide on styrene in the presence of a peroxide.
(3) Methyl bromide on silver propanoate.

(1) When propan -2-ol is treated with

$PCl_3$ , 2-chloropropane is obtained.

$\underset{Propan-2-ol}{3CH_3-\underset{OH}{\underset{|}{C}H}} - CH_3+\underset{Phosphorus\\trichloride}{PCl_3} \xrightarrow{\Delta} \underset{2-Chloropropane}{3CH_3 - \underset{Cl}{\underset{|}{C}}H - CH_3} + H_3PO_3$

(2) When styrene is treated with HBr in the presence of peroxide, 1-Bromo-2-phenyl ethane is obtained.

(Ref. image)

(3) When methyl bromide is treated with sliver propanoate, methyl propanoate and silver bromide precipitate is obtained.

$\underset{sliver\, propanotae}{H_3C - CH_2 - \overset{O}{\overset{||}{C}} - Ag }+ \underset{Methyl \, Bromide}{CH_3 Br }\xrightarrow{\Delta} \underset{Methyl\, propanoate}{CH_3 - CH_3 - \overset{O}{\overset{||}{C}} - O - CH_3} + Ag \,Br (\downarrow)$

Write the chemical reactions of $C_{2}H_{5}OH$ with $PCl_{3}$ and $PCl_{5}$ separately

Ethanol reacts with phosphorous trichloride or phosphorous pentachloride to form ethyl chloride.

$\displaystyle 3C_{2}H_{5}OH + PCl_3 \xrightarrow {\Delta} 3C_{2}H_{5}-Cl+H_3PO_3$

$\displaystyle C_{2}H_{5}OH + PCl_5 \xrightarrow {\Delta} C_{2}H_{5}-Cl+ HCl +POCl_3$

What is Williamson's Synthesis? Give equation.

Williamson synthesis:
It is used for the preparation of simple as well as mixed ethers. Alkyl halide is heated with alcoholic sodium or potassium alkoxide to form corresponding ethers.

$\displaystyle R-ONa+ X-R \xrightarrow {\Delta} R-O-R' + NaX$
Thus, methyl iodide, on heating with alcoholic sodium methoxide forms dimethyl ether.

$\displaystyle CH_3-ONa+ X-CH_3 \xrightarrow {\Delta} CH_3-O-CH_3 + NaI$

Ethanol is heated with excess concentrated $H_2SO_4$ at 443K.
i) Name the reaction that occurs and explain it.
ii) Write the equation for the above reaction.
iii) What is the product formed? What happens when this gas is passed through bromine water?
iv) When ethanol vapour is passed through bromine water, why does no change occur?

(I) When ethanol is heated, excess of

$H_2SO_4$ at

$443$ K dehydrogenation reaction takes place. Dehydrogenetion is basically the removal of water molecule.

$H_2SO_4$

(ii)

$CH_3CH_2OH\longrightarrow CH_2=CH_2$

ethanol

$443$ K ethane

(iii) Ethane is formed in the reaction. When this gas passes through bromine water, there is a change of colour takes place due to unsaturation.

(iv) When ethanol gas is passed through the bromine water, no change of colour takes place because it does not contain any degree of unsaturation.

Match the following compounds with their functional groups:
S.No Compounds Functional Groups
1. Alcohol $>C=O$
2. Aldehyde $-OH$
3. Ketone $-COOH$
4. Carboxylic acid $-CHO$

1. Alcohol has the functional group

$-OH$ .

2. Aldehyd has the functional group

$-CHO$ .

3. Ketone has the functional group

$>C=O$ .

4. Carboxylic acid has the functional group

$-COOH$ .

Write a balanced equation using the correct symbols for these chemical reactions:
i) Action of hydrogen on ethene in the presence of nickel catalyst.
ii) Combustion of methane evolving carbondioxide and water.
iii) Dehydrogenation of ethanol.
iv) Decarboxylation of Sodium salt of ethanoic acid.

$H_2$

(i)

$CH_2=CH_2\longrightarrow CH_3-CH_3$

$Ni$

$\Delta$

(ii)

$CH_4+2O_2\longrightarrow CO_2+2H_2O$

$H_2SO_4$

(iii)

$CH_3CH_2-OH\longrightarrow CH_2=CH_2+2H_2O$

$443K$

$\Delta$

(iv)

$CH_3COONa\longrightarrow CH_4+CO_2$

The organic compound A of molecular formula $C_2H_4O_2$ gives brisk effervescence with sodium bicarbonate solution. The sodium salt of A on treatment with soda lime gives a hydrocarbon B of molecular massIt belongs to the first member of the alkane family. What are A and B and how will you prepare A from ethanol?

Since

$C_2H_4O_2$ gives brisk effervescence with

$NaHCO_3$ , it

must be an acid. B is hydrocarbon of molecular mass

$16$ , this implies B is

$CH_4$ .

$C_2H_4O_2 \xrightarrow []{SodaLime}CH_4$

$\therefore C_2H_4O_2$ is acetic acid

$(CH_3COOH)$ .

$CH_3COOH+NaHCO_3 \longrightarrow CH_3COONa+\underset {BriskEffervescence}{CO_2} \uparrow + H_2O$

$C_2H_5OH \xrightarrow [Catalyst]{Cu/ZnO-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3} CH_3COOH$

How is diethyl ether prepared by continuous etherification process?

Excess of

$\displaystyle ethanol$ is distilled with conc

$\displaystyle sulphuric \: acid$ at 413 K to give

$\displaystyle diethyl \: ether$ .

$\displaystyle 2C_2H_5-OH \xrightarrow [413 \: K]{conc. H_2SO_4} C_2H_5-O-C_2H_5+H_2O$
Experimental process: Equal volumes of

$\displaystyle ethanol$ and conc.

$\displaystyle sulphuric \: acid$ are kept in distillation flask.

$\displaystyle Ethanol$ reacts with conc.

$\displaystyle sulphuric \: acid$ to give

$\displaystyle ethyl : hydrogen \: sulphate$ . Then excess

$\displaystyle ethanol$ is added to distillation flask, which then reacts with

$\displaystyle ethyl : hydrogen \: sulphate$ to form

$\displaystyle diethyl \: ether$ .

The

$\displaystyle diethyl \: ether$ produced distills over.

$\displaystyle sulphuric \: acid$ is regenerated in second step and is reused in first step. Hence, small amount of

$\displaystyle sulphuric \: acid$ converts large amount of

$\displaystyle Ethanol$ into

$\displaystyle diethyl \: ether$ and the process becomes continuous. Hence, the process is named continuous etherification process.

If the starting material is labeled with deuterium as indicated, how many total deuterium atoms will be present in the major elimination product of the above reactions?

1130243_706735_ans_c169d931f6ca40fd80ce1cc82eb145f6.png

A student prepared methanol in the laboratory by the addition of $266\ g$ of $CO$ and $60\ g$ of $H_{2}$ , as shown below.
$CO(g) + H_{2}(g) \rightarrow CH_{3}OH(l)$
(a) Find out the limiting reagent.
(b) Calculate the amount of methanol produced and the amount of excess reactant remaining after the completion of the reaction.

$CO_{(g)}+{H_2}_{(g)}\longrightarrow {CH_3OH}_{(l)}$

$1$ $mole$ $CO$ reacts with $1$ $mole$ of $H_2$ .

$\therefore 28$ $g$ $CO$ reacts with $2$ $g$ of $H_2$

$\therefore 266$ $g$ $CO$ reacts with $\cfrac {266\times 2}{28}=19$ $g$ of $H_2$

But $60$ $g$ $H_2$ is present.

Therefore, $CO$ is the limiting reagent.

$\therefore H_2$ left $=60-19=41$ $g$

Moles of $CO$ related $=$ Moles of $CH_3OH$ formed.

$\therefore$ Amount of method produced $=32\times \cfrac {266}{28}=304$ $g$

Write the IUPAC name of the following.
$CH_3-\!\!\!\!\!\!\overset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{\overset{|}{\underset{\,\,\,\,\,C_2H_5}{\underset{|}{C}}}\!\!\!\!-}\,\underset{OH}{\underset{|}{C}H}-CH_3$

The IUPAC name is 3,3-dimethylpentan-2-ol.

The longest continuous chain of C atoms has 5 C atoms.

Hence, the parent chain is pentane. An -OH group is present as a substituent on second C atom and is named as suffix -2-ol where 2 indicates the position of C atom to which -OH group is attached.

Two methyl groups are present as substituents on third C atom are named as prefix 3,3-dimethyl where 3 indicates the position of C atom to which methyl groups are attached.

The prefix 'di' indicates 2. The numbering is done from the end which gives the lowest possible locants.

How will you prepare isopropyl alcohol from propene?

$CH_3-CH=CH_2+\underset{conc}{H_2SO_4}\rightarrow CH_3-\underset{OSO_2OH}{\underset{|}{CH}}-CH_3\xrightarrow[Boil]{H_2O}CH_3-\underset{OH}{\underset{|}{CH}}-CH_3$

IUPAC name of t-butyl alcohol ?

t-butyl alcohol is referred to the image above:

$IUPAC: 2-Methylpropane-2-ol.$

1171375_874176_ans_afa2c0aa2dd34b489da6d6661741718b.PNG

Find the reagents used for conversion.

R.E.F image

(Anti-markonikov addition)

1132130_869582_ans_da10b73f858e46719eff377b76f1220f.png

Carry out the following conversions:
(i) Phenol to benzoquinone.
(ii) Propanone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol.
(iii) Propene to propan-2-ol.

1132287_874426_ans_63300862a2a746af8ad0ef32ca11282c.png

How are the following conversions carried out ?
(i) Propene to propane-2-ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride to Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Anisole to p-Bromoanisole

1132196_874103_ans_b756a601f57a4832a3c5fa2ce99a5bd5.png

Identify the products 'A' 'B' and 'C' in the following reaction
$CH_3 - CH_2 - OH \overset{Cu}{\underset{573 K}{\longrightarrow}}$ A $\overset{NaCN+ dil.HCl}{\longrightarrow}$ B $\underset{dil.HCl}{\longrightarrow} C$ ?

1122307_877187_ans_d9902ef9ffe14c3e8f80fb9bd1136383.png

Maximum enol content is in ?

1443363_878254_ans_8863798d578d4f7ab89381fdea4f191f.png

Give the IUPAC name of ${CH}_{3}-{CH}_{2}-CH(OH)-{CH}_{3}$ .

Rules of priority to define the IUPAC name-

Functional group $(OH)$
Substitute group $(NONE)$
Number of carbon in a chain $(4)$

IUPAC name is - Butan-2-ol

Write the three steps involved in the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethene.

The three steps involved in the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethene are as shown.

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound.

The given compound contains 2

$-OH$ group along with

$-Br$ and

$-Cl$ .

The carbon chain also contains a carbon-carbon double bond.

The numbering will start from

$-Cl$ end.

Thus, the IUPAC name of the compound will be:

4 - bromo - 2 - chlorooct - 6 - ene - 3, 5 - diol

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound.

The given ring is cyclopentane. It contains

$-Cl$ ,

$-OH$ , and

$-Br$ group along with the methyledene group.

The first position will be given to

$-OH$ group followed by

$-Br$ group.

Thus, IUPAC name of the compound will be:

2 - bromo - 5 - chloro - 3 - methylidencyclopentanol

Mark the correct order of decreasing acid strength of the following compounds.

As positive charge on the ring increases, acidic strength increases.

$m$ is the mesomeric effect

$I$ is the inductive effect.

$+m /+I$ increases the electron density.

$-m /-I$ decreases the electron density.

987320_1058510_ans_56c2c8a5ca954ae3819ddf3c2e95105c.PNG

Write the IUPAC name of the given compound.

$1.$ Organic compounds containing substituents from Group

$C$ are named following this sequence of steps, as indicated on the examples below:

Step

$1$ : Find the longest continuous carbon chain. Determine the root name for this parent chain. In cyclic compounds, the ring is usually considered the parent chain, unless it is attached to a long chain of carbons; indicate a ring with the prefix "cyclo" before the root name.

Step

$2$ : Number the chain in the direction such that the position number of the first substituent is the smaller number. If the first substituents from either end have the same number, the number so that the second substituent has the smaller number, etc.

Step

$3$ : Determine the name and position number of each substituent.

Step

$4$ : Indicate the number of identical groups by the prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc.

Step

$5$ : Place the position numbers and names of the substituents groups, in alphabetical order, before the root name. In alphabetizing ignore prefixes like sec-, tert-, di, tri, etc., but include iso and cyclo. Always include a position number for each substituent, regardless of redundancies.

So, the IUPAC name of the compound shown above is

$2-Methyl$

$-2-cyclohexen-1-ol$

1005199_1069234_ans_a5212fe3625749d89ed9beb909d8fcfd.PNG

Predict the major product of acid catalysed dehydration:
(i) 1-methyl cyclohexanol
(ii) Butan-1-ol

Due to Saytzeff rule, in

$(i)$ the product where double bond is formed at the more substituted carbon is the major product. But as Saytzeff rule is only valid for 2° and 3° alcohols, a primary alcohol like

$(ii)$ will form a terminal alkene as the major product.

1052600_1075755_ans_b2c29e0c40b24ae2b9d474675323521e.jpg

Write the general formula of ether.

The general formula of ether is

$C_4H_{10}O$
1156860_1077138_ans_845f3c5e06854d0fbaada0d2b1aa6be1.PNG

$H_2C=CH-CH_2OH$
Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol.

$H_2C=CH-CH_2OH$

The given compound is an allylic alcohol as there is an allylic group present in the given compound.

Also, the alcohol group is attached to the primary carbon atom. Thus, the given alcohol is a primary alcohol.

Complete this reaction.

1420393_1078806_ans_dfd18a12e59046fd8671c6b590a2e82f.png

Convert 1-iodopropane to propan -1-ol.

1-iodopropane is converted into propan-1-ol by hydrolysis of 1-iodopropane in presence of aqueous NaOH.
1171586_1085249_ans_462bd78a0db54dc48c251740de4218e0.PNG

1171586_1085249_ans_462bd78a0db54dc48c251740de4218e0.PNG

Convert Ethanal to Isopropyl alcohol.

1417807_1085254_ans_918fd48a2e804e118eb744cd6f4a9813.png

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.

In the given compound, the

$-OH$ group is attached to the tertiary carbon atom. Thus, the given compound is a tertiary alcohol.

Also, for IUPAC name the compound contain phenyl group attached to the carbon number 4.

The

$-OH$ group and methyl groups are attached to the carbon number 2.

Also, there is a double bond between carbon number 3 and 4.

Thus, The IUPAC name for this alcohol is

$2-methyl-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-ol$

1006881_1102124_ans_d5c386e074184f5c8433ca1c21062a40.png

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.
$(C_2H_5)_3C-OH$

$(C_2H_5)_3C-OH$

In the given compound the

$-OH$ group is attached to the tertiary carbon atom. Thus, the given compound is a tertiary alcohol.

Also, the compound contains 5 carbon atom in a parent chain and there is an ethyl group attached to the 3 carbon atom.

Thus, The IUPAC name for this alcohol is

$3-ethyl-3-pentanol$

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.
$(CH_3)_3C-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,OH}{|}}CH-C_2H_5$

In the given compound, the

$-OH$ group is attached to the secondary carbon atom. Thus, the given compound is a secondary alcohol.

Also, in the given compound the parent chain contains 5 carbon atom and the

$-OH$ group is attached to the third carbon atom and a methyl group is attached to the 2 carbon atom.

The IUPAC name for this alcohol is

$2,2-Dimethyl-3-pentanol$

1006870_1102116_ans_8712ee698b444690ba1f64f8f643bd8d.PNG

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.

In the given compound, the hydroxy

$-OH$ group is attached to the secondary carbon atom. Thus, the given alcohol is a secondary alcohol.

Also, in this compound, the phenyl group is attached to the third carbon atom and the

$-OH$ group is attached to the carbon number 2.

Thus, The IUPAC name for this alcohol is

$3-phenyl-2-butanol$

1006872_1102117_ans_1765d1eda6d54e719f25637e58dda86f.png

Write the mechanism of hydration of ethylene to ethyl alcohol.

The mechanism of hydration of ethylene to ethyl alcohol is shown above.
1157685_1101281_ans_2fe5904c082b4de5afc932bdc1ac4e31.PNG

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.
$CH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_2-OH$

$CH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_2-OH$

In the given compound the

$-OH$ group is attached to the primary carbon atom. Thus, it is a primary alcohol.

In the given compound the parent chain consists of 4 carbon atom and there is a double bond between carbon number 3 and 4.

Thus, The IUPAC name for this alcohol is

$3-buten-1-ol$ .

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.

In the given compound, the

$-OH$ group is attached to the tertiary carbon atom. Thus, the given compound is a tertiary alcohol.

Also, for IUPAC the parent chain 4 carbon atoms and the

$-OH$ group and phenyl group are attached to the carbon number 2.

So, the IUPAC name of this alcohol is

$2-phenyl-2-butanol$ and this is a tertiary alcohol.

1006705_1102127_ans_211d95167fc04365bd0a8df5b5e3d65d.png

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.
$CH_3 - \underset{\,\,\,OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - \overset{\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,CH_3}{\overset{|}{CH}} - CH_3$

Since

$-OH$ is give more preference while naming so numbering will start from L.H.S.

$3$ -methyl-

$2$ -butan-

$2$ -ol, it is alcohol since

$C$ of

$OH$ attached to

$2$ carbons.

1006711_1102128_ans_54a5cb4686a44f7cbcba58dbcf0a9793.PNG

Write the iUPAC name of the following compound.

This is alcohol. Numbering should be started from that carbon containing

$-OH$ group. The IUPAC name is

$1-cyclohexanol$ .

1184619_1111732_ans_354347b287d74423957240a0d45a6ae8.png

$CH_2OHCH_2OH$
Write IUPAC name of the above compound.

This compound is generally called Ethylene glycol or just Glycol. But its IUPAC name is

$Ethan-1,2-diol$

Functional Group is alcohol.

Write the IUPAC names of phenols given.

The IUPAC names are

$(i)$ 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol

$(ii)$ 4-methyl-benzene-1,2-diol

Can you explain why is bimolecular dehydran not appropriate for the preparation of ethyl methyl ether?

"Bimolecular dehydration" is a way of preparing diethyl ether from the dehydrating action of concentrated sulfuric acid on ethanol. The dehydrating agent, conc. H2SO4 abstracts a hydrogen from one ethanol and a hydroxyl (the -OH group) of a neighbor. Those radicals formed, join together. Sulfuric acid grabs a mole of water.
So this method works only with symmetrical ethers: di[alkyl] ethers. Methyl Ethyl ether is better prepared from Sodium ethoxide and methanol or Sodium methoxide and ethanol.

The IUPAC name of the compound is:
$H_2=CH-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}CH-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,\,C_2H_5}{|}}CH-\underset{\underset{\,\,OH}{|}}CH-CH_3$

The IUPAC name of the structure is 3-ethyl-4-methylhex-5-en-2-ol.
Here, the long chain consists of 6 carbon atoms with an

$-OH$ group at C-2,

$-C_2H_5$ group at C-3,

$-CH_3$ group at C-4 and a double bond at C-5.

Arrange the following in increasing order of boiling points

The correct increasing order is

$(i)<(iv)<(ii)<(iii)$
We know that with increase in the extent of Hydrogen bonding, there is an increase in boiling point. By that logic, both

$(ii)$ and

$(iii)$ must have higher boiling points as they can form Hydrogen bonds.

$(iii)$ can form a much extensive network of H-bonds than

$(ii)$ due to the presence of an extra electronegative

$O$ atom. In

$(iv)$ ,

$Cl$ atom is not able to form H-bonding due to its large size, but it can form dipole-dipole interaction with other molecules of the same compound. This also elevates the boiling point to a lesser extent.

Write the product $(CH_{3})_{3}C-OH\xrightarrow[573 K]{Cu}$

Tertiary alcohol when react with copper at 573K dehydration takes place and alkene is formed while primary and secondary alcohol on reaction gives aldehyde and ketone by dehydrogenation.
1083282_1177973_ans_3d841bbd0da0478fba3ab3c1bf24e0dc.jpg

1083282_1177973_ans_3d841bbd0da0478fba3ab3c1bf24e0dc.jpg

Write the IUPAC name of the given compound.
$H-\overset { H }{ \overset { | }{ \underset { H }{ \underset { | }{ C } } } } -\overset { H }{ \overset { | }{ \underset {O H }{ \underset { | }{ C } } } } -\overset { H }{ \overset { | }{ \underset { H }{ \underset { | }{ C } } } } -\overset { H }{ \overset { | }{ \underset { CH_3 }{ \underset { | }{ C } } } } -\overset { H }{ \overset { | }{ \underset { H }{ \underset { | }{ C } } } } -H$

$\begin{matrix} & & H & & H & & H & & H & & H & & \\ & & | & & | & & | & & | & & | & & \\ H & - & C & - & C & - & C & - & C & - & C & - & H \\ & & | & & | & & | & & | & & | & & \\ & & H & & OH & & H & & { CH }_{ 3 } & & H & & \end{matrix}$

Step -

$I$

$\Rightarrow \$ Number the longest chain

$\Rightarrow \$ Remember to assign leasr number to the functional group.

$\begin{matrix} & & H & & H & & H & & H & & H & & \\ & & | & & | & & | & & | & & | & & \\ H & - & { C }^{ 1 } & - & { C }^{ 2 } & - & { C }^{ 3 } & - & { C }^{ 4 } & - & { C }^{ 5 } & - & H \\ & & | & & | & & | & & | & & | & & \\ & & H & & OH & & H & & { CH }_{ 3 } & & H & & \end{matrix}$

Answer:

$4-$ methylpent

$-2- ol$

Arrange according boiling point: $CH_3 \, CH_2 CH_3 , \, CH_3 CHO , \, CH_3 CH_2 OH, \, CH_3 OCH_3$ .

$CH_3 - CH_2 - OH$ has H-bonding

$CH_3 - CH_2 - O - H ... H - O - CH_2 - CH_3$
due to which they have highest bonding point
aldehydes have polar bond due to which they have high boiding point than alkanes, ethers also have polar bond dere to which, have more b.p. than alkane which have non - polar bonds.

$\therefore \, \, CH_3 CH_2 - CH_3 < CH_3 - O - CH_3 < CH_3 - CHO < CH_3 CH_2$

Identify X and Y.
$\quad \quad \quad \quad OH\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad |\\ { CH }_{ 3 }-{ CH-CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 3 }\xrightarrow { 607.{ H }_{ 2 }SO_{ 4 },373k } \quad X+Y$

We will obtain But-1-ene and But-2-ene as

$X$ and

$Y$ .

1106691_1136772_ans_102d37d5fab24113a215060cf1e6a4c7.jpg

What will be the product of the compound?

$Ts-Cl$ is a tosyl-chloride.it is an activating group of alcohol.
1174499_1174690_ans_ba74dc1ad70342f3a1ed256e0bf27724.png

$2-Methylbutan-2-ol$

1668165_1269071_ans_344d8644206040678c34c3c95009cf76.png

$CH_3COOCH_2CH_3+CH_3MgI\rightarrow ?$

1365399_1178238_ans_4a81256d6ca54eaa884ba33c95538b0d.png

How will you convect ethanol into ethylmethyl ketone?

1351945_1202984_ans_7a0ea81abb1846d8bafc95844f641ce2.jpg

How is phenol (carbolic acid) prepared from Rasching's process?

In this process, first benzene is converted into chlorobenzene. Chlorobenzene is then converted into phenol by hydration.
1174455_1189100_ans_ea8ab218fbeb47b5bd092dbc88f44017.png

1174455_1189100_ans_ea8ab218fbeb47b5bd092dbc88f44017.png

What is the action of following reagent on phenol?

Bromine in ${ CS }_{ 2 }$ at low temperature :

1191186_1192521_ans_7f83c1d6472d4a299e04f00dc96321f3.jpg

Give reasons :
o-nitrophenol is more volatile than p-nitrophenol

O-Nitrophenol forms intramolecular H bond whereas molecules of P-Nitrophenol get associated through intermolecular H bond. During boiling, the strong intermolecular H bonding increases the boiling point but intramolecular H bonding cannot do so. Therefore, O-Nitrophenol is more steam volatile than P-Nitrophenol.

How the following conversion can be carried out?
Ethanol to propanenitrile

$\underset{Ethanol}{CH_3-CH_2-OH}\xrightarrow{red\ P/ Br_2}CH_3-CH_2-Br\xrightarrow{KCN,aq.\ ethanol} \underset{Propanenitrile}{CH_3-CH_2-CN}$

For the conversion of ethanol to propanenitrile, Ethanol first undergoes bromination reaction to form bromoethane.

This bromoethane is then reacted with alc. KCN to form Propanenitrile.

Toluene to benzyl alcohol

1308864_1298342_ans_763701802eda457fa44789eae3878a16.png

What are ethers?

Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula R–O–R′, where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups.

Explain: Methanol is more soluble in water than Propan-1-ol.

1352471_1281519_ans_b90f9395e53f410abccf51d53761e851.jpg

Write the mechanism of the following reaction:

2CH $_{3}$ CH $_{2}$ OH $\underrightarrow {{ H}^{ + } }$ CH $_{3}$ CH $_{2}$ OCH $_{2}$ CH $_{3}$

1325857_1318875_ans_8723d6fcd1f94cca81fe5bbf35eeb5ac.jpg

Give reasons:
p-nitro phenol is more acidic than p-methyl phenol.

The nitro-group

$\left( -N{O}_{2} \right)$ is an withdrawing group while the methyl group

$\left( -C{H}_{3} \right)$ is an electron donating group. The presence of nitro group decreases the electron density in the

$O-H$ bond. As a result, it is easier to lose a proton and hence, para-nitrophenol is more acidic than para-methyl phenol.

Write the name of reactant used for the preparation ethyl t-butyl ether

Williamson's synthesis

Write the structure of the compound whose IUPAC name is :
3 - Cyclohexylpentan - 3 - ol

1668171_1423843_ans_a79e93ab2e804204b29dfb7913aac192.png

Write IUPAC names of

Hint: Numbering is given in such a way that functional group and substituent gets the least number.

Explanation:

The numbering is given from the Carbon close to $2$ methyl groups. It is shown as follows:

The parent chain consist of $5$ carbon atoms, alcohol group present on $3^{rd}$ carbon atom, $2$ methyl groups on $2^{nd}$ carbon atom and $1$ methyl group at $4^{th}$ carbon atom.
Thus, the IUPAC name will be $2,2,4-trimethylpentan-3-ol$ .

How are the following conversions carried out? (xviii) Benzene to diphenyl

1738958_1365871_ans_499fb18f24534b92a29da682a9e9c4db.png

How to convert methanol into ethanol? Write chemical equations only.

1212455_1515547_ans_7ccabb91c1fa4b929888d05f44761175.png

Write down the dehydration products of the given alcohols.

Dehydration means removal of water from the compound. The dehydration products of the given alcohols are respectively given above.
1601202_1717879_ans_e0b878d68e6143f8b3706fbba2016f3c.JPG

1601202_1717879_ans_e0b878d68e6143f8b3706fbba2016f3c.JPG

Dehydration of alcohol to form alkene is an ........ reaction.

Dehydration of alcohol to form alkene is an elimination reaction

What happens when :
Ethyl alcohol is heated at $170^{\circ}C$ with excess of $conc. H_{2}SO_{4}$ ?

When ethanol is heated with an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at a temperature of 170°C, it produces ethene as final product. The concentrated acid acts only as a dehydrating agent and it is recovered unchanged.
1756722_1717674_ans_32a8fc86818e40c3b87f35d887ef4cad.jpg

1756722_1717674_ans_32a8fc86818e40c3b87f35d887ef4cad.jpg

Complete the following equations :

$CH_{3}CH_{2} CH = CH_{2}\xrightarrow {CHCl_{3}} (A)\xrightarrow {NaOH} (B)$ .

1645796_1717643_ans_c19eb93e252d4bd797b4ab2299d471ce.jpg

Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Isopropyl alcohol

Propan-2-ol

The ease of dehydration of alcohols is in the order _ $>$ secondary $>$ __.

The dehydration of tertiary alcohol is faster than the dehydration of the secondary alcohol.

Also, the dehydration of the secondary alcohol is faster than the dehydration of primary alcohol.

Boiling points of alcohols are ________ than those of corresponding alkanes.

Alcohols have a higher boiling point than alkanes is because the intermolecular forces of alcohols are hydrogen bonds, unlike alkanes with van der Waals forces as their intermolecular forces.

Complete the above equation.

1566248_1719186_ans_51a58ae5e5394144852b73c8134e786a.jpg

How will you obtain ethylene from ethyl alcohol?

Ethanol can be dehydrated to give ethene by heating it with an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at about 180°C.
1613148_1719351_ans_7871ecae961e4fbca30a62e3d91136ac.PNG

1613148_1719351_ans_7871ecae961e4fbca30a62e3d91136ac.PNG

Write IUPAC name of the following.

1638091_1719271_ans_6d4174dc565b4a129c0649cb8d8a1b79.jpg

Write the structural formula and IUPAC names of the alcoholic isomers with molecular formula $C_4H_{10}O$ .

(i)

$\underset{Butan-1-ol}{CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2OH}$

(ii)

$\underset{2-Methyl propan-1-ol}{CH_3-\overset{CH_3}{\overset{|}{C}}HCH_2OH}$

(iii)

$\underset{Butan-2-ol}{CH_3CH_2CH(OH)CH_3}$

(iv)

$\underset{2-Methyl propan-2-ol}{(CH_3)_3COH}$ .

How will you obtain iodoform from ethyl alcohol?

When ethanol is warmed

$(60^oC)$ with iodine in the presence of an alkali

$(NaOH \ or\ Na_2CO_3)$ , iodoform is obtained

1613166_1719350_ans_38b3cb8a51c044e79f275ca72bd1ae17.PNG

Write IUPAC name of the following.

Isoamyl alcohol.

1558322_1719251_ans_8f096317dc234e32826b68f9f0a944b8.jpeg

Write IUPAC name of the following.

Chloral hydrate.

1558168_1719250_ans_9629626e5a524a79b3963fea6d32a773.jpeg

Write IUPAC name of the following.

1638090_1719265_ans_6f7c6e954a9c449c9f0d451378667ee2.jpg

What happens when vapour of ethyl alcohol is passed through heated aluminium oxide at $360^o$ C?

1555967_1719191_ans_787af93231c341eba643707f1efb10a3.jpg

Write the equation for preparing ethyl alcohol in one step only from Ethylene.

Ethanol is obtained by acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene.

$C_2H_4\overset{(i)H_2SO_4}{\underset{(ii)H_2O}{\longrightarrow}}C_2H_5OH$ .

The following name is inconsistent with the prevalent rules. Rename the compound in accordance with the accepted conventions:
$2-Phenyl-3-butanol$ .

$3-Phenyl-2-butanol$ .

Explain the mechanism of the following reactions:
(a) Bromine on ethylene.
(b) $HBr$ on ethylene.

(A) The double bond breaks, and a bromine atom becomes attached to each carbon. The bromine loses its original red-brown colour to give a colourless liquid. In the case of the reaction with ethene, 1,2-dibromoethane is formed. This decolourisation of bromine is often used as a test for a carbon-carbon double bond.

(B) HBr on ethylene - Alkenes react with hydrogen bromide in the cold. The double bond breaks and a hydrogen atom ends up attached to one of the carbons and a bromine atom to the other. In the case of ethene, bromoethane is formed.

How will you obtain the following from propene?

$n-Propyl\ alcohol$ .

First convert into

$n-propyl$ bromide and then do hydrolysis with

$aq.NaOH$ or

$AgOH$ .

Give the mechanism of :

1655119_1720999_ans_943c9423d1604ccdba314e878b0822ce.jpeg

Outline a synthesis of alcohol from the indicated staring material.
Allyl alcohol from propene.

$CH_3CH=CH_2\overset{Cl_2}{\underset{500^oC}{\rightarrow}}CH_2ClCH=CH_2\overset{KOH(aq.)}{\rightarrow}CH_2OH-CH=CH_2$ .

Outline a synthesis of alcohol from the indicated starting material.
Isopropyl alcohol from a hydrocarbon.

$CH_3CH_2CH_3\overset{Cl_2}{\underset{hv}{\rightarrow}}CH_3CHClCH_3\overset{KOH(aq.)}{\rightarrow}CH_3CHOHCH_3$ .

Write down the name and structure of the compound obtained by dehydration of ethyl alcohol.

Ethanol can be dehydrated to give ethene by heating it with an excess of concentrated sulphuric acid at about 170°C.
1613221_1719700_ans_063ab54c012a4faeb79a2a54eb253f27.PNG

1613221_1719700_ans_063ab54c012a4faeb79a2a54eb253f27.PNG

Complete the following equations:
$2C_{6}H_{5}Cl + Na \xrightarrow {Ether}$ .

1544399_1721354_ans_be872f74afdc48e9aaf0a52002e0bf00.jpg

Fill in the blanks:
Amongst the three isomers of nitrophenol, the one that is least soluble in water is ________.

ortho-nitrophenol is less soluble in water due to intramolecular H-bonding whereas

$meta$ and

$para$ isomer exhibit inter molecular H-bonding.

Ans-

$O-nitrophenol$

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene?
Resorcinol.

Resorcinol is produced in several steps from benzene, starting with dialkylation with propylene to give 1,3-diisopropylbenzene. Oxidation and Hock rearrangement of this disubstituted arene gives acetone and resorcinol.
1655067_1722269_ans_96fd125bd59840a884d35bcd396f415c.png

1655067_1722269_ans_96fd125bd59840a884d35bcd396f415c.png

With specific compounds write equations for the reactions involved in the following conversions:
An aromatic hydrocarbon to its hydroxy derivative.

$\underset {Benzene}{C_{6}H_{6}} \underset {Fe}{\xrightarrow {Cl_{2}}} \underset {Chlorobenzene}{C_{6}H_{5}Cl} \underset {200\ atm. press.}{\xrightarrow {NaOH/ 300^{\circ}C}} \underset {Phenol}{C_{6}H_{5}OH}$ .

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene?
$m-Nitrophenol$ .

m-Nitrophenol can be prepared by diazotizing m-nitroaniline and subsequently heating with a large volume of water.
1655106_1722271_ans_c459be5951d748c7a6556906cd6ccb60.png

1655106_1722271_ans_c459be5951d748c7a6556906cd6ccb60.png

$m-nitro\ ethyl \ benzene$ on $Br_2$ and uv light,, What is the product ?

$\text{In the presence of light, side chain (free radical) halogenation occurs at the benzylic hydrogen.}$

1820801_1724519_ans_3e0d0ed258e44899a5ac547398b6fa8b.png

Give the major product of hydration of the above alkene.

1648245_1724959_ans_0dfc868992a44d02b24c410dd525ee9b.jpg

Give the major product of hydration of the following alkene.
$C_3H_6(CH_3-CH=CH_2)\overset{H^+}{\underset{D_2O}{\rightarrow}}?$

Electrophilic addition reaction will take place,as H+ is attack as electrophile,

Markonikov addition will occur here.

$CH_{ 3 }-CH=CH_{ 2 }\overset { H^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } CH_{ 3 }-\overset { + }{ CH } -CH_{ 2 }-H\overset { D_{ 2 }O }{ \longrightarrow } \underset { (major) }{ CH_{ 3 }-\overset { \overset { OD }{ | } }{ CH } -CH_{ 2 }-H } \quad +\quad D^{ + }$

Identify the functional group present in the following compound and name it according to IUPAC system: $CH_{3}OH$ .

Functional group is Alcohol because the

$H$ of methane is replaced by

$-OH$

IUPAC Name is Methanol.

Give the major product of hydration of the following alkene.
$C_3H_6(CH_3-CH=CH_2)\overset{D^+}{\underset{D_2O}{\rightarrow}}?$

Electrophilic addition reaction will take place,as D+ is attack as electrophile,

Markonikov addition will occur here.

$CH_3-CH=CH_2\overset { D^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } CH_3-\overset { + }{ CH } -CH_2-D\overset { D_{ 2 }O }{ \longrightarrow } \underset { (major) }{ CH_3-\overset { \overset { OD }{ | } }{ CH } -CH_2-D } \quad +\quad D^{ + }$

Write the molecular formula of ethanol.

Eth means two carbons and

$-ol$ means alcohol functional group is present.

Molecular formula of ethanol is

$C_{2}H_{5}OH$ .

Give the major product of hydration of the following alkene.
$C_3H_6(CH_3-CH=CH_2)\overset{D^+}{\underset{HOH}{\rightarrow}}?$

Electrophilic addition reaction will take place,as D+ is attack as electrophile,

Markonikov addition will occur here.

$CH_3-CH=CH_2\overset { D^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } CH_3-\overset { + }{ CH } -CH_2-D\overset { HOH }{ \longrightarrow } \underset { (major) }{ CH_3-\overset { \overset { OH }{ | } }{ CH } -CH_2-D } \quad +\quad H^{ + }$

Identify (F)

1790256_1767588_ans_3568cc544fa74230915cb94c57838945.png

Write IUPAC name of the following compounds:

$CH_3 - \underset{OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - \underset{OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - CH_3$

The IUPAC name of the above compound is Butane

$-2,3-$ diol

Write IUPAC name of the following compounds:

$HO - CH_2 - \underset{OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - CH_2 - OH$

The IUPAC name of the above compound is Propane

$-1,2,3-$ triol.

Write IUPAC name of the following compounds:

The IUPAC name of the given compound is

$2-$ Methylphenol.

Identify A and B in the following reactions:

1693300_1783098_ans_13c4afe822dd41d2b3f80c6eff1ca3ef.jpg

How are the following conversions carried out?
Propanol to 1-propoxypropane

1645304_1783108_ans_f634078540684b5cb6da47b8b2a8451e.jpg

Write the IUPAC name of the following compound:

1659850_1781080_ans_12f9401ec27a43f8aecd4b47e825b913.jpg

Write the IUPAC name of the following compound:

1659854_1781124_ans_9568333c317a4518be3a8c00466c26c5.jpg

How are the following conversions carried out?
Propanol to propan-2-ol

1645300_1783107_ans_12cd325e13524accb9a11b963b9c7dab.jpg

Give Reasons:
Relative ease of dehydration of alcohols is $3^\circ>2^\circ>1^\circ$ .

The dehydration of alcohol occurs through the formation of a carbocation intermediate. As many of carbocation decreases in the order,

$3^\circ>2^\circ>1^\circ$ therefore, the dehydration of alcohol follows the order,

$3^\circ>2^\circ>1^\circ$ .

What is the effect of drinking methanol?

When methanol is consumed, it is oxidised to methanal in the liver . Methanal reacts rapidly with the components of cell, leading to the coagulation of protoplasm. Consumption of methanol can also damage the optic nerve, resulting in blindness.

Write the main product(s) in each of the following reaction:

1645267_1783289_ans_423156e7f7194da1823140145602ee85.png

How do you obtain the following?
Propan-2-ol from propene

1645270_1783299_ans_c0f2ba46e7034c1d880d0e128f9d915d.png

Give the trivial (common) names and the $IUPAC$ names of the following:
$CH_{3}OH$

Common Name - Methyl Alcohol

IUPAC Name - Methanol

Give the trivial (common) names and the $IUPAC$ names of the following:
$C_{2}H_{5}OH$

Common Name - Ethyl Alcohol

$IUPAC$ name - Ethanol

What are alcohols? State their sources

Alcohols are the hydroxyl derivatives of alkanes and are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane with

$OH$ group

Methanol is obtained from destructive distillation of wood while ethanol is obtained from fermentation of sugar.

State the method of preparation of ethanol: by hydrolysis of ethene

By hydrolysis of ethene: When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to ethene at a temperature of

$80^{0}C$ and pressure of

$30$ atm ethyl hydrogen sulphate is produced.

Ethyl hydrogen sulphate on hydrolysis with boiling water gives ethanol

$C_{2}H_{4}+H_{2}SO_{4}\xrightarrow[30\ atm]{80^{0}C}C_{2}H_{5}HSO_{4}$

$C_{2}H_{5}HSO_{4}+H_{2}O\rightarrow C_{2}H_{5}OH+H_{2}SO_{4}$

Complete the reaction equation:

1645320_1783336_ans_56978b0e3be74b24a0b657c038e59811.jpg

Name an organic compound which is: Called 'wood spirit

Methanol (

$CH_3OH$ ), also called methyl alcohol, an organic compound which is called wood spirit.

How do you convert the following:
i) Phenol to Anisole
ii) Ethanol to Propan-2-ol

i) Refer Image

ii)

$CH_3CH_2OH\xrightarrow{PCC}CH_3CHO\xrightarrow{CH_3MgI}CH_3-CH(OMgI)CH_3\xrightarrow{H_2O}CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3$
Ethanol Propan-2-ol
1645273_1783303_ans_f89a955c925b4db3b71af3ed2941d122.png

1645273_1783303_ans_f89a955c925b4db3b71af3ed2941d122.png

What is the molecular formula of the alcohol which can be derived from propane?

Alcohol obtained from propane is

$C_{3}H_{7}OH$

Name an organic compound which is: Made from water gas

Made from water gas: Methanol

Write structure of the compound whose IUPAC name is as follows:
$3$ -Chloromethylpentan-l-ol

1816346_1828972_ans_5bbc0e0ae08942769f46917508fed8f7.png

Draw the structures of all isomeric alcohols of molecular formula $C_5H_{12}O$ and give their IUPAC names.

1816360_1828981_ans_f3670c45db314c1ba504473c7e8211f9.png

Identify if pentanol is insoluble, partially soluble or highly soluble in water?

Pentanol is partially soluble because-OH group is polar but the large hydrocarbon part (

$C_5H_{11}$ ) is nonpolar.

Write the general formula of alcohol.

$C_{n}H_{2n+1}OH$ or

$R-OH$ .

Where R is alkyl group

Example - Ethyl alcohol -

$C_2H_5OH$

Name the reagent used in the following reaction:
Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene.

$85\%$ phosphoric acid.

Show how would you synthesise the above alcohol from appropriate alkene?

Acid hydration of Pent-

$2$ -ene produces Penton-

$3$ -ol along with penton-

$2$ -ol. Hence first rxn using Pent-1-ene is preferred.
1816580_1829072_ans_aca723f10947445d9faab3401ed68a78.png

Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with:

$1$ -propoxypropane

1743918_1829056_ans_08ed18c168334654abdd6d50a7618afd.JPG

Write the structural formulae for the following IUPAC
propan-2ol

What happens when
chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis

1738875_1828743_ans_1250e160c59c409b88e95f65d2c8ad43.png

Write IUPAC name of the above compound:

$2, 2,4 - Trimethyl \,pentan - 3 - ol$

Explain the following with one example:

Dehydration

“Dehydration reactions can be defined as the chemical reactions in which a water molecule is eliminated from the reactant molecule. The process of combination of two molecules with the elimination of water molecule is called dehydration synthesis.”

This is because the term dehydration is used for ‘losing water’ and synthesis represents the formation of the new substance, therefore, dehydration synthesis is the elimination of water with the formation of new compounds. Definitely combination of two molecules will form a large compound and water molecule will eliminate and form as a by-product during the reaction.

Formation of Maltose a Disaccharide Dehydration Synthesis

Write down the IUPAC name of the given compound.

The IUPAC name of the given compound is Pentane-

$3$ -ol.

Write the IUPAC name of the following organic compound:
$CH_3 - CH_2 - CH_2 - CH_2 - CH_2 - OH$

Steps for IUPAC naming

Identification of the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain.
Identification of all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent chain).
Identification of parental functional group.
Identification of other remaining functional group.

ex:- double bond, triple bond

Identification of side chain
The numbering of chain, side chain, various substituent, and bond with their locant.
assigning primary and secondary prefixes, suffixes, and root words in order to complete IUPAC naming.

The IUPAC name of the given compound is

$1-pentanol.$ It contains 5 carbon atoms in a long chain, hence the prefix is

$pentan-$ , and the

$-ol$ postfix is due to the presence of

$-OH$ group along with all single bond (alkane).

Write the IUPAC name of ethyl alcohol.

$C_2H_5OH$ - Ethyl alcohol

IUPAC Name - Ethanol

Write down the IUPAC name of the compound given below:
$CH_3 - CH_2 - CH_2 - OH$

The IUPAC name of the given compound is Propane-

$1$ -ol.

Write down the IUPAC name of the compounds given above and and then write the name of the isomerism exhibited by it.

IUPAC names of the compounds given are:

$\mathrm{CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-O-CH_2-CH_2-CH_3}$ Propoxypropane

$\mathrm{CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-CH(OH)-CH_3}$ Hexan-2-ol

Isomerism shown by above two compounds is functional group isomerism.

Can you write the $IUPAC$ names of these two compounds?

$CH_2-OH, CH_3 -CH_2-OH$

$CH_3-OH-$ Methanol

$CH_3-CH_2-OH-$ Ethanol

State how the following conversions can be carried out.
Ethene to Ethyl alcohol.

An optically active alcohol A $\displaystyle \left ( C_{6}H_{10}O \right )$ absorbs 2 mol of hydrogen per mole of A upon catalytic hydrogenation and gives a product B. The compound B is resistant to oxidation by $\displaystyle CrO_{3}$ and does not show any optical activity. Deduce the structures of A and B.

Compound A is unsaturated monohydric alcohol and it has either two C=C bonds or one triple bond. Compound A is optically active and after hydrogenation optically inactive compound B is obtained which is not oxidised with

$CrO_3$ . Hence, in it

$-OH$ group is attached with tertiary C-atom i.e. it is a tertiary alcohol.

2064533_246977_ans_9b0f6d5ae50343f19deedbffa05edbd2.png

Conversion of given reaction to the given product will take place in how many step?

3,3-dimethyloctan-4-ol is converted to 3,3-dimethyloctan-4-one by PCC oxidation. PCC oxidises secondary hydroxyl group to keto group. Clemmensen reduction with

$Zn/ Hg$ and conc.

$HCl$ converts carbonyl group to methylene group. It converts 3,3-dimethyloctan-4-one to 3,3-dimethyloctane.

Match the compounds in Column I with their characteristics/tests/reactions (s) reagent(s)/stereochemistry/isomer(s) given in Column II. Matching can be one or more than one.
Column I Column II
Reaction Product and name of the reaction

(A) The reaction is intramolecular dehydration of 1-phenylethanol to obtain styrene. Sulphuric acid acts acid dehydrating agent and as catalyst.
(B) Dehydrobromination of (1-bromoethyl)benzene with sodium alkoxide gives styrene.
(C) Styrene reacts with (1) trifluoro mercuric acetate, (2) 1-phenylethanol and (3) sodium borohydride to form 1,1'-oxybis(ethane-1,1-diyl)dibenzene.
(D) The reaction is Williamson's synthesis.
The product is (2-methoxypropan-2-yl)benzene.

Write the structrual formula of the major product in the following case:
Ethene mixed with air is passed under pressure over a silver catalyst at $250^{\circ} C$ .

Hence, when ethene mixed with air is passed under pressure over a silver catalyst at

$250^oC$ , we get oxirane as the major product.

Identify total number of 1, 2 shift during following dehydration reaction ?

Only one 1, 2 shift occurs during the dehydration reaction.

The shift of hydride ion from first carbon to second carbon is called as 1,2-hydride shift. The hydride shift occurs to get the more stable carbocation.

Explain the following with an example.
(i) Kolbes reaction.
(ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
(iii) Williamson ether synthesis.
(iv) Unsymmetrical ether.

(i) Kolbes reaction.
It is a decarboxylative dimerisation of two carboxylic acids (or carboxylate ions) to form carbon carbon bond of alkane.

$\displaystyle 2RCOO^- \xrightarrow [-2CO_2]{-2e^-} R-R$

(ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
It involves the ortho-formylation of phenols. Phenol is converted to salicylaldehyde.

$\displaystyle C_6H_5-OH \xrightarrow [3KOH]{CHCl_3} o-HO-C_6H_4-CHO$

(iii) Williamson ether synthesis.
Sodium alkoxide reacts with alkyl halide to form an ether.

$\displaystyle C_2H_5ONa + C_2H_5Cl \rightarrow C_2H_5-O-C_2H_5 + NaCl$

(iv) Unsymmetrical ether.
Two different alkyl groups are attached to O atom. The general formula is

$\displaystyle R-O-R'$ . An example is ethyl methyl ether

$\displaystyle CH_3-CH_2-O-CH_3$ .

(i) Draw the structures of all isomeric alcohols of molecular formula $C_5H_{12}O$ and give their IUPAC names.
(ii) Classify the isomers of alcohols in above question as primary, secondaryand tertiary alcohols.

The structures of all isomeric alcohols of molecular formula

$C_5H_{12}O$ alongwith their IUPAC names are as shown.
Their classification primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols is shown in parenthesis.

What is meant by hydroboration-oxidation reaction? Illustrate it with an example.

Hydroboration-oxidation reaction is the addition of borane followed by oxidation.
For example, propene on hydroboration-oxidation gives propan-

$1$ -ol.
The reaction of propene with diborane gives trialkyl borane as an addition product.
Oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide gives propan-

$1$ -ol.

When 3-methylbutan-2-ol is treated with HBr, the following reaction takes place:
Give a mechanism for this reaction.
(Hint : The secondary carbocation formed in step II rearranges to a more stable tertiary carbocation by a hydride ion shift from 3rd carbon atom.)

The mechanism for the reaction between

$3$ -methylbutan-

$2$ -ol and HBr is shown above.
In the first step,

$-OH$ group is protonated. In the second step, a molecule of water is lost to form secondary carbocation.
Third step is the rearrangement of less stable secondary carbocation to more stable tertiary carbocation through

$1,2$ -hydride shift.
Final step is the nucelophilic attack of bromide ion on tertiary carbocation to form

$2$ -bromo-

$2$ -methylbutane.

Write IUPAC name of the given compound:

The IUPAC names are as shown.

As here

$R-OH$ is functional group so parent chain contain carbon having

$-OH$ that carbon should get lowest numbering. Hence the numbering should start from right-hand side as from right side substituents get lowest numbering.

Explain the mechanism of esterification. Write the reactions involved in dehydration of ${1}^{o}$ , ${2}^{o}$ and ${3}^{o}$ alcohols.

The mechanism of esterification:
The carbonyl oxygen of the carboxylic acid is protonated. This increases the positive character of carbonyl carbon. The nucleophile (alcohol) attacks the carbonyl carbon. This is followed by intramolecular proton transfer and loss of water molecule. In the final step, deprotonation gives ester.

Dehydration of primary alcohol:

$\displaystyle CH_3-CH_2-OH \xrightarrow [443K]{95 \text {%} H_2SO_4} CH_2=CH_2+H_2O$

Dehydration of secondary alcohol:

$\displaystyle CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_3 \xrightarrow [373K]{60\text {%} H_2SO_4} CH_3-CH=CH_2+H_2O$

Dehydration of tertiary alcohol:

$\displaystyle CH_3-CH(OH)(CH_3)-CH_3 \xrightarrow [423K]{Al_2O_3} CH_3-C(CH_3)=CH_2 +H_2O$

Write the correct pair of reactants for the preparation of t-butyl ethyl ether by Williamson synthesis.

The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol (alkoxide). The correct pair of reactants used for the preparation of tert-butyl ethyl ether are sodium tert-butoxide and ethyl bromide.

Williamson reaction:

$R-{ O }^{ - }+{ R }^{ ' }-X\longrightarrow R-O-{ R }^{ ' }+{ X }^{ - }$

Explain how Alcohols of lower molecular mass are soluble in water.

Alcohols of lower molecular mass have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with water molecule, thereby solubilises in water.

But as the number of alkyl chain increases, the hydrophobic part hinders H-bonding and thus decreases the solubility of higher alcohols in water.

Write two methods of preparation of methyl alcohol. Describe giving diagram. Give such a test of methyl alcohol which is not given by ethyl alcohol which is not given by ethyl alcohol. Give the chemical reactions.

Preparation of methyl alcohol:
(1) Hydrolysis of methyl chloride:

$\displaystyle CH_3-Cl +\text {aq KOH} \rightarrow CH_3-OH + KCl$
(2) By hydrolysis of dimethyl ether with hot dil sulphuric acid under pressure.

$\displaystyle CH_3-O-CH_3+H_2O \xrightarrow [\text {pressure}]{dil H_2SO_4}2CH_3-OH$

${C_6}{H_5}Cl\xrightarrow[High\,\,temperature\,\, and\,\, pressure]{NaOH}A \xrightarrow{HCl}B$
Identify $A$ and $B$ in the above reaction.

${C_6}{H_5}Cl\xrightarrow{NaOH}{C_6}{H_5}O - Na \xrightarrow{+HCl}{C_6}{H_5}OH - NaCl$

a) Write the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethene.
b) Between phenol and alcohol which is more acidic? Why?

a. (Ref. image)

b. Phenol is more acidic than alcohol, because phenoxide ion is resonance stabilized where as alkoxide is not resonance stabilized. In case of alkoxide ion, the negative charge is localised on O atom whereas in case of phenoxide ion, the negative charge is localised on benzene ring. Hence, phenoxide ion is more stable than alkoxide ion.

Note: In case of phenol, the resonance leads to charge separation. Hence, phenol is less stable than phenoxide ion.

Complete the following reaction
Propene $\xrightarrow[H_2O, \Delta]{H_2SO_4} A$

$n_3c - CH = CH_2 \xrightarrow[H_2O]{H_2SO_4} H_3C - \underset{OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - CH_3 + CH_3 - CH_2 - CH_2 - OH$

$2-$ propanol

$1-$ propanol
(Major) (Minor)

Name the following
(1) Thte non-sublimable solid from a mxiture of iodine and potassion nitrate.
(2) The heavier liquid component from -mercury and water
(3) The lower boiling point component from methyl alcohol and water.
(4) The compound containing one atom of sulphur and two atoms of oxygen
(5) An acid whose formula is ${H}_{2}{CO}_{3}$

$(1)$ The non-sublimate solid in the above mixture is potassium nitrate as iodine is sublimate.

$(2)$ Mercury is heavier than water.

$(3)$ Methyl alcohol is having lower boiling point than water.

$(4)$

$SO_2$ (Sulphur dioxide) contains one atom of sulphur and two atoms of oxygen.

$(5)$

$H_2CO_3$ is carbonic acid.

Explain the following behaviours :
(i) Alcohols are more soluble in water than the hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses.
(ii) Ortho-nitrophenol is more acidic than ortho-methoxyphenol.
(iii) Cumene is a better starting material for the preparation of phenol.

1350746_1189787_ans_4fd563e383e3491bb6ade249d6b62e36.jpg

Write the IUPAC name of the compound in the picture.

Alcohols are named by adding

$-ol$ to the parent alkone name e is replaced by

$ol$ in parent alkane name.

Ref. image

1-Benzyl -3, 3 - dimethyl prop-en - 3 - ol$$

1412678_1375959_ans_4ebce34787994675b743e26287a9e9f4.png

How will you prepare the compounds from benzene ? You may any inorganic regent and any organic reagent having not more than carbon atom
Phenylacetic acid

Refer Image-1

:- Can be achieved by following Rxn:-

(1) friedel craft alkylation

(2) Bromination or chlorination

(3) Nucleophilic substitution Rxn with alc. KCN

(4) Hydrolysis in

$H^{\oplus}$

Refer Image-2

1668847_1484211_ans_9d341e1d98744a21981cdeab43316186.png

Discuss the mechanism of the following reactions:
(A) Dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes.

The dehydration of alcohol to form alkene occurs in three steps.

First step: Formation of protonated alcohol. Alcohol acts as weak base because of the presence of two lone pairs of oxygen. They undergoes reaction with strong acid like $HCl$ to form oxonium salt.

Second step: Carbocation formation. Protonated alcohol eliminates molecule of water to form ethyl carbocation.

Third step: Proton elimination to form ethene. Being reactive in nature, ethyl carbocation readily loses a proton to form ethene molecule.

1623192_1718351_ans_82deb8c6a8b5468da8eb1029fdb4098a.png

Complete the following equation.
$H-\overset{\overset{\displaystyle O}{||}}{C}-OEt+2CH_3CH_2MgI\overset{H_2O/H^+}{\rightarrow}(A)$ .

Ester on reaction with Grignard reagent (excess) also forms alcohol. First carbonyl compound (ketone or aldehyde) is formed from ester and Grignard reagent, and then further reacts with second molecule of Grignard reagent to form alcohol.
1615215_1719165_ans_6a8b84981a4b43dca72fd605d22089bb.PNG

1615215_1719165_ans_6a8b84981a4b43dca72fd605d22089bb.PNG

Arrange the following in decreasing order of rate of dehydration with conc. $H_2SO_4$ :
(A) $CH_3CH_2CH(OH)CH_2CH_2CH_3$
(B) $(CH_3)_2C(OH)CH_2CH_2CH_3$
(C ) $(CH_3)_2C(OH)CH(CH_3)_2$
(D) $CH_3CH_2CH(OH)CH(CH_3)_2$
(E) $CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2OH$

Dehydration of alcohols with Conc. H2SO4 follows elimination

mechanism.Stability of α- Carbocation would be the order of

dehydration as well as formation of more substituted alkene

favours the dehydration reaction.

By considering all mechanism shown in figure, the order will be:

C > B > D > A > E .

1648052_1719773_ans_7ba39335f8c540b9817be631e368f0d0.jpg

Complete the following equation.
$RCH=CH_2\overset{Hg(OAc)_2}{\underset{THF, -H_2O}{\rightarrow}}(A)\overset{NaBH_4}{\rightarrow}(B)$ .

Hydrolytic addition of mercuric acetate to an alkene followed by

demercuration is used for the hydration of alkenes under mild

conditions ;It obeys Markownikoff’ rule . Hence this is a useful

alternative to the hydroboration / oxidation sequence which leads ,

overall , to ‘anti-Markownikoff’ hydration . The Reaction was initially

called ‘Oximercuration’.

Alkenes are hydrated by treatment with mercury diacetate in amixture

of THF and water to give the hydoxyalkylmercury acetate which is

demercurated with alkaline NaBH4.

Step1:

On the treatment of Hg(OAc)2 and THF.

RCH=CH2 → RCH(OH)CH2HgOAc

Step 2:

Then on treatment with alkaline NaBH4

RCH(OH)CH2HgOAc → RCH(OH)CH3

Since, COMPOUND A is RCH(OH)CH2HgOAc

COMPOUND B is RCH(OH)CH3

1644331_1719132_ans_32743cb4fad942c1b4648449c75cf3e1.jpg

Complete the following equation.

1617346_1719163_ans_fb0e23ff597349de95fc62da1d9e7bbd.jpg

Answer the following.
What is the name of carbinol?

Methyl alcohol also known as carbinol.

Outline a synthesis of alcohol from the indicated starting material.
$1$ -Phenylethanol from styrene(vinyl benzene).

Addition of water takes place across double bond according to Markonikov's rule.
1610470_1719474_ans_5d77db85f9464f2e80f71842837aefa7.png

How will you obtain?
Ethanol from acetylene.

$HC\equiv CH\overset{HgSO_4}{\underset{H_2SO_4}{\rightarrow}}CH_3CHO\overset{Reduction}{\underset{LiAlH_4}{\rightarrow}}C_2H_5OH$ .

Oxymercuration of acetylene to give acetaldehyde which then reduced using

$LiAlH_4$ to give ethanol.

Show, how would you synthesize the following alcohol from appropriate alkene?

The alkene for synthesising the alcohols can be obtained by frst dehydrating the alcohol to give either a single alkene or a mixture of alkenes. If a mixture of alkenes is possible then find out which alkene gives the desired alcohol. The acid catalysed addition of

$H_2O$ to alkenes occurs in accordance with the Markownikoff's rule.
1610335_1719813_ans_4fc14ea7074b4c059d3e3712ca0a75d0.png

Show, how would you synthesize the following alcohol from appropriate alkene?

$H_2O$ to alkenes occurs in accordance with the Markownikoff's rule
1610343_1719818_ans_df8fe8ed5d1c49b3a4baf1cfbb32c987.png

Show, how would you synthesize the following alcohol from appropriate alkene?

$H_2O$ to alkenes occurs in accordance with the Markownikoff's rule
1610339_1719816_ans_e84b9b9357b04c9489aa3fbd40439a3d.png

Show, how would you synthesize the following alcohol from appropriate alkene?

$H_2O$ to alkenes occurs in accordance with the Markownikoff's rule
1610348_1719821_ans_cab6422a78894cdbabdfd902e3637374.png

Give reasons for the following.
Hydration of $3$ -phenylbut- $1$ -ene in dil. $H_2SO_4$ forms $2$ -phenylbutan- $2$ -ol instead of $3$ -phenylbutan- $2$ -ol.

Hydration gives an intermediate

$2^oC^+$ , which undergoes a hydride shift to more stable

$3^o$ carbocation.

1610324_1719797_ans_51457a6e31b54766b7d1c3fd5b6ec455.png

Give the major product of hydration of the following alkene.

1651571_1724949_ans_93a04b53fc35488c960e47a0415a7fe3.jpg

Write down the dehydration product of the following.

Removal of water is nothing but dehydration.

Dehydration follows Saytzeff's rule.

More substituted alkene is major product

1610397_1725020_ans_5362f60d13ad4c40888954e2b9a83555.png

Give the major product of hydration of the following alkene.

1651572_1724951_ans_e4b3f21c73204b8aa5e2d5663eade75b.jpg

Write down the dehydration product of the following.

Removal of water is nothing but dehydration.

Dehydration follows Saytzeff's rule.

More substituted alkene is major product

1610403_1725021_ans_136b89adca45438d809d70ff1d55bdde.png

Write down the dehydratiom product of the following.

Removal of water is nothing but dehydration.

Dehydration follows Saytzeff's rule.

More substituted alkene is major product

1610409_1725037_ans_838d2484f94b4e40976b9ae8428d982c.png

Convert the following:
Toluene to benzyl alcohol

1820223_1768656_ans_4f0c512770724a05b08efd8432395004.png

Complete the above :

For finding (B), we proceed reverse to obtain (B)

Reverse Reaction:Refer image,

So, (B) is Butanal.

1788389_1767536_ans_f89b91e0a0c64f729d52cfd0cb7219ce.png

Convert the following

1818990_1767925_ans_d388be93a8c14fb2a56ad66170f65676.png

Identify the major and minor products.

1819389_1768486_ans_b7f20503d54f4e45815371e6e8fab5aa.png

Write the structural formula for each of the following.
Three $1^{\circ}$ alcohols with the formula $C_{4}H_{8}O$ .

$D.U. = 1^{\circ}, 1\ D.U.$ suggests unsaturated alcohol or cyclic

$1^{\circ}$ alcohol.
1596489_1767644_ans_8d25dccf997d4f43a1b3bd0016dcdccf.png

Why is there a large difference in th boiling points of butanal and butan-1-ol?

Butanol has polar O-H bond due to which it shows intermolecular H-bonding which is not possible in case of butanal due to absence of polar bond. Hence, butanal has a higher boiling point than butan-1-ol.
1717469_1797093_ans_99cec834e63b468fb56d900cfdaa5497.png

1717469_1797093_ans_99cec834e63b468fb56d900cfdaa5497.png

Which of the following is the correct method for synthesising methyl-t-butyl ether and why ?
$i$ . $(CH_{3})_{3}CBr + NaOMe\rightarrow$
$ii$ . $CH_{3}Br + NaO-t-Bu\rightarrow$

In the synthesis of ether by Williamson's method,

$1^{o}RX$ and

$3^{o}RONa$ are used, so

$(ii)$ is the correct method. Method

$(i)$ would gives alkene.
1785457_1769705_ans_5383feb2cfc740dd9e51fd4a7fc1f3bd.png

Give Reason for the following in one or two sentences.
'Acid-catalysed dehydration of t-butanol is faster than that of n-butanol'.

The mechanism for the hydrolysis of t-butanol and n-butanol are:

From the above mechanisms, it is clear that t-Butanol gives stable

$3^{o}C^{\oplus}$ , whereas n-butanol gives

$1^{o}C^{\oplus}$ . So the dehydration of t-butanol is faster than that of n-butanol.

1785459_1769727_ans_43633ba3099e4b0abce20b437372b0b2.png

Give reasons for the following:
Alcohols are more soluble in water than the hydrocarbons of comparable molecular masses.

This is due to the ability of alcohol to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

Complete the following reaction.

The reaction exhibits azo-coupling of phenols. In mild alkaline conditions, phenol moiety participates in the azo-coupling, and para position of phenol is occupied.
1717167_1796967_ans_e0924d574619438dbe9993ed93f8da26.png

1717167_1796967_ans_e0924d574619438dbe9993ed93f8da26.png

Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products:

1650057_1780743_ans_e2d0a59fb0ea4303ba03fe760d345d4e.png

What is the order of dehydration of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols?

1659868_1782797_ans_ba5889e290d74827b1c894a7c6dcd3b5.jpg

How will you convert:
Propene to Propan-1-ol?

1659871_1782839_ans_895bb0f7194b42abafb0a55f93844c24.jpg

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of acidity and give a suitable explanation. Phenol, o-nitrophenol,o-cresol.

2032266_1798681_ans_03df829b02cf41cfb4d9ab643b795bf4.jpg

Preperation of alcohols from alkenes involves the electrophilic attack on alkene carbon atom. Explain its mechanism.

2031842_1798729_ans_d69f47a03961462299a23c9eb8d4a13b.jpeg

How can propan-2-one be converted into tert-butyl alcohol?

2032270_1798717_ans_f82b98cf51f347ab8144880b30746a65.jpg

Explain why is $O=C=O$ nonpolar while $R-O-R$ is polar.

2031843_1798733_ans_e611106e90b3460695ece9181b1c566d.jpeg

Ethers can be prepared by Williamson's synthesis in which an alkyl halide is reacted with sodium alkoxide. Di-tert-butyl ether can't be prepared by this method. Explain.

2031848_1798762_ans_9101550ff1ee40f1aa1e662a2231be6b.jpeg

Explain why alcohols and ethers of comparable molecular mass have different boiling points

2033009_1798777_ans_b710d4bbe1ac4a73848add1923a5fb0d.jpg

Alcohols react with active metals e.g. Na, K etc. to give corresponding alkoxides. Write down the decreasing order of reactivity of sodium metal towards primary. secondary and tertiary alcohols.

2032267_1798691_ans_f6c948a07b26464cbaed7d906b34bfae.jpg

Explain why nucleophilic reactions are not very common in phenols.

$\bullet$ A nucleophile is a species that has a tendency to donate electrons or react at electron poor sites such as protons.

$\bullet$ But, in phenols, due to resonance, OH group in phenols gives its electrons to benzene ring.

$\bullet$ As a result of this electron density on benzene ring is very high.

$\bullet$ This increased electron density repeis nucleophiles.

$\bullet$ Therefore, nucleophiles cannot attack the benzene ring and phenols usually do not give nucleophile substitution reactions.

Give three methods of preparation of anisole.

Three methods to prepare Anisole :-

(1) Williamson's synthesis.

$C_6H_5 - ONa + Br - CH_3 \rightarrow \underset{(Anisole)}{C_6H_5 - OCH_3 + NaBr}$

(2) Using diazomethane

$C_6H_5 - OH + H_2C = \overset{+}{N} = \overset{-}{N} \xrightarrow{BF_3} \underset{(Anisole)}{C_6H_5 - OCH_3}$

(3) By methylation of sodium phenoxide with dimethyl sulfate.

$2C_6H_5 - ONa \xrightarrow[-Na_2SO_4]{(OCH_3)_2 SO_2} \underset{(Anisole)}{2C_6H_5 - OCH_3}$

Identify if phenol is insoluble, partially soluble or highly soluble in water?

Phenol is partially soluble because phenol has a polar -OH group and aromatic phenyl,

$C_6H_5$ - group.

Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with:
Methoxy benzene

1743929_1829057_ans_9f4686220bf640cd845398fffaca8932.JPG

Alcohols are soluble in water whereas diethyl ether is not, explain with reason.

The solubility of alcohol in water is due to excessive intermolecular hydrogen bonding in their molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding in diethyl ether is less as compared to alcohols. Therefore diethyl ether is soluble in water only to a small extent.
1743502_1831492_ans_4f52d62c4ba5464d8df9ac7bb6781e30.png

1743502_1831492_ans_4f52d62c4ba5464d8df9ac7bb6781e30.png

Show how you will synthesise:
$1$ -phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.

1816501_1828997_ans_0b16b3f8604a466b876c5c2c5cc6c0e9.png

How would you distinguish experimentally between primary alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

On the reaction of a primary alcohol with potassium dichromate, the colour change is observed from orange to green whereas when carboxylic acid is made to react with potassium dichromate, then no color change is observed.

The carbon-oxygen bond in phenol is slightly stronger than that in methanol. Why?

2033010_1798780_ans_fc8ffe40ce1b44718f902ad4d2adf8bd.jpg

Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with:

Benzyl ethyl ether.

1743938_1829058_ans_c3f980dff9514e04bcbb0c611506d4db.JPG

How will you prepare the following from chloroform?
$HC(OC_2H_5)_3$

When

$CHCl_{3}$ is heated with sodium ethoxide, it forms ethyl orthoformate as shown below:

$C_{2}H_{5}O^{-} + CHCl_{3} \rightleftharpoons :CCl_{3}^{-} + C_{2} H_{5} OH$

$:CCl_{3}^{-} \xrightarrow{Slow} :CCl_{2} + Cl^{-}$

Dichlorocarbene

$:CCl_{2} + 2C_{2} H_{5}O^{-} \rightarrow :C(OC_2H_5)_2 + 2Cl^{-}$

$:C(OC_{2} H_{5})_{2} + C_{2} H_{5} OH \rightarrow HC (OC_2H_5)_3$

Triethyl orthoformate

Give the mechanism of dehydration of alcohols.

The mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene is shown above.

First step is the protonation of oxygen atom of −OH group.

Second step is the loss of a molecule of water to form carbonium ion.

Last step is deprotonation to form carbon carbon double bond.

S.No	Compounds	Functional Groups
1.	Alcohol	$>C=O$
2.	Aldehyde	$-OH$
3.	Ketone	$-COOH$
4.	Carboxylic acid	$-CHO$

Alcohols,Phenols And Ethers - Class 12 Engineering Chemistry - Extra Questions

How do you condemn the use of alcohol as a social practice.

Write a reasonable and detailed mechanism for the following transformation.

Write the IUPAC name.

Write the name and formula of the second member of the carbon compounds having functional group-OH.

Write the mechanism for the preparation of ethanol form ethane.

Name the method which can give following product

Propan-1-ol cannot be prepared by acid catalysed hydration of propane, then how is propene converted into propan-1-ol?

Write the stability of given alcoholsCH3OHCH_3OH , CH3CH2OHCH_3CH_2OH, CH3CH2CH2OHCH_3CH_2CH_2OH

Identify missing products obtained in this reaction.CH3−CH2−CH3Br2/hv→CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{3}\xrightarrow{Br_{2}/hv}(A)aqKOH→(B)H2SO4→Δ(C)Br2→CCl4(D)(A)\xrightarrow{aq KOH}(B)\xrightarrow[\Delta ]{H_{2SO_{4}}}(C)\xrightarrow[CCl_{4}]{Br_{2}}(D)

CH3−C|CH3H=CH2Reagent→AlcoholCH_3-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}{C}H=CH_2\xrightarrow{Reagent}\,AlcoholMatch the alcohol product with the suitable reagent.

The given IUPAC name is 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane-3-olIs the above statement correct?

The name of the compound is Cyclopent-1-en-3-olIf true enter 1, else enter 0.

The name of the compound is isobutyl alcohol. If true enter 1, else enter 0.

Convert t-Butanol to the given compound.

The given alcohol is _______ (primary/ secondary) alcohol.(If your answer is primary type 1 else 2)

Suggest a sequence of reactions suitable for preparing propanol from 2−propanol.2-propanol.

Show how would you synthesise the above alcohols from appropriate alkenes :

How are the following conversions carried out?Propen →\displaystyle \rightarrow Propan-2-ol

How would you synthesize an alcohol from appropriate alkenes?

Writer the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.

Write the equations involved in the following reaction.Williamson ether synthesis.

Match the column I with column II.

How can you synthesize Ethanol from Ethene?

Explain why is ortho nitrophenol more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol?

Show how will you synthesise:(i) 1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.(ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an SN2S_N2 reaction.(iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide.

Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.

Write chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.

How are the following conversions carried out?(i) Propene ⟶\longrightarrow Propan-2-ol(ii) Benzyl chloride ⟶\longrightarrow Benzyl alcohol(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride ⟶\longrightarrow Propan-1-ol(iv) Methyl magnesium bromide ⟶\longrightarrow 2-Methylpropan-2-ol

Show how would you synthesise the following alcohols from appropriate alkenes?

Write the name and structure of an alcohol with four carbon atoms in its molecule.

How will you convert:(i) Propene to propan−1−-1-ol? (ii) Ethanal to propan-2-ol?

Write the IUPAC name of the given compound :

Draw the structure of major monohalo product in each of the following reactions.

Write the equations involved in the following reactions:(i) Reimer - Tietmann reaction(ii) Williamson synthesis

Arrange the following compounds in the decreasing order of their boiling points.a) Pentan-1-olb) 2-Methylbutan-2-olc) 3-Methylbutan-2-ol

Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than haloalkanes of the same molecular mass?

Arrange the following in the decreasing order of their boiling points:CH3CH2OH,HOCH2CH2OH,CH3CH2Cl\displaystyle CH_3CH_2OH, HOCH_2CH_2OH, CH_3CH_2Cl.

Can we dry ethanol by anhydrous CaCl2CaCl_2?

Liquid alkalies as well as alcohols are added to water. What observation do you predict? Justify your prediction.

Ethyl alcohol and propane have nearly equal molecular weights. But, the former is a liquid with high boiling point and the latter is a gas with low boiling point. Give reason.

What is the major product when ethanol is treated with conc.H2SO4conc. H_{2}SO_{4} at 413 K413\ K?

(a) Write the IUPAC name and structural formula of secondary-Butyl alcohol.(b) Give equations for preparation of phenol from the following compounds:(i) Benzene(ii) Aniline.(c) Write the resonance structures of phenol.

How is carbolic acid prepared from the following compound?(i) Aniline(ii) Chlorobenzene and steam at 698698K?Draw structure of DDT. Write its environmental effects.Mention two physical properties of carbolic acid.

Write balanced chemical equations for the action of:(1) Phosphorus trichloride on propan-2-ol(2) Hydrogen bromide on styrene in the presence of a peroxide.(3) Methyl bromide on silver propanoate.

Write the chemical reactions of C2H5OHC_{2}H_{5}OH with PCl3PCl_{3} and PCl5PCl_{5} separately

What is Williamson's Synthesis? Give equation.

Match the following compounds with their functional groups:S.NoCompoundsFunctional Groups1.Alcohol>C=O>C=O2.Aldehyde−OH-OH3.Ketone−COOH-COOH4.Carboxylic acid−CHO-CHO

Write a balanced equation using the correct symbols for these chemical reactions:i) Action of hydrogen on ethene in the presence of nickel catalyst.ii) Combustion of methane evolving carbondioxide and water.iii) Dehydrogenation of ethanol.iv) Decarboxylation of Sodium salt of ethanoic acid.

How is diethyl ether prepared by continuous etherification process?

If the starting material is labeled with deuterium as indicated, how many total deuterium atoms will be present in the major elimination product of the above reactions?

Write the IUPAC name of the following.CH3−CH3|C|C2H5−C|HOH−CH3CH_3-\!\!\!\!\!\!\overset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{\overset{|}{\underset{\,\,\,\,\,C_2H_5}{\underset{|}{C}}}\!\!\!\!-}\,\underset{OH}{\underset{|}{C}H}-CH_3

How will you prepare isopropyl alcohol from propene?

IUPAC name of t-butyl alcohol ?

Find the reagents used for conversion.

Carry out the following conversions:(i) Phenol to benzoquinone.(ii) Propanone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol.(iii) Propene to propan-2-ol.

How are the following conversions carried out ?(i) Propene to propane-2-ol(ii) Benzyl chloride to Benzyl alcohol(iii) Anisole to p-Bromoanisole

Identify the products 'A' 'B' and 'C' in the following reactionCH3−CH2−OHCu⟶573KCH_3 - CH_2 - OH \overset{Cu}{\underset{573 K}{\longrightarrow}} A NaCN+dil.HCl⟶\overset{NaCN+ dil.HCl}{\longrightarrow} B ⟶dil.HClC\underset{dil.HCl}{\longrightarrow} C?

Maximum enol content is in ?

Give the IUPAC name of CH3−CH2−CH(OH)−CH3{CH}_{3}-{CH}_{2}-CH(OH)-{CH}_{3}.

Write the three steps involved in the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol to ethene.

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound.

Give the IUPAC name of the following compound.

Mark the correct order of decreasing acid strength of the following compounds.

Write the IUPAC name of the given compound.

Predict the major product of acid catalysed dehydration:(i) 1-methyl cyclohexanol(ii) Butan-1-ol

Write the general formula of ether.

H2C=CH−CH2OHH_2C=CH-CH_2OHClassify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol.

Complete this reaction.

Convert 1-iodopropane to propan -1-ol.

Convert Ethanal to Isopropyl alcohol.

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol. (C2H5)3C−OH(C_2H_5)_3C-OH

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol. (CH3)3C−C|OHH−C2H5(CH_3)_3C-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,OH}{|}}CH-C_2H_5

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.

Write the mechanism of hydration of ethylene to ethyl alcohol.

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol. CH2=CH−CH2−CH2−OHCH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_2-OH

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol. CH3−CH|OH−CH3|CH−CH3CH_3 - \underset{\,\,\,OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - \overset{\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,CH_3}{\overset{|}{CH}} - CH_3

Write the iUPAC name of the following compound.

Write the stability of given alcohols
$CH_3OH$ , $CH_3CH_2OH$ , $CH_3CH_2CH_2OH$

Identify missing products obtained in this reaction.
$CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{3}\xrightarrow{Br_{2}/hv}$ $(A)\xrightarrow{aq KOH}(B)\xrightarrow[\Delta ]{H_{2SO_{4}}}(C)\xrightarrow[CCl_{4}]{Br_{2}}(D)$

$CH_3-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}{C}H=CH_2\xrightarrow{Reagent}\,Alcohol$
Match the alcohol product with the suitable reagent.

The given IUPAC name is 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane-3-ol

Is the above statement correct?

The name of the compound is Cyclopent-1-en-3-ol
If true enter 1, else enter 0.

The name of the compound is isobutyl alcohol.
If true enter 1, else enter 0.

The given alcohol is _______ (primary/ secondary) alcohol.
(If your answer is primary type 1 else 2)

Suggest a sequence of reactions suitable for preparing propanol from $2-propanol.$

How are the following conversions carried out?
Propen $\displaystyle \rightarrow$ Propan-2-ol

Write the equations involved in the following reaction.
Williamson ether synthesis.

Show how will you synthesise:
(i) 1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.
(ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an $S_N2$ reaction.
(iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide.

How are the following conversions carried out?
(i) Propene $\longrightarrow$ Propan-2-ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride $\longrightarrow$ Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride $\longrightarrow$ Propan-1-ol
(iv) Methyl magnesium bromide $\longrightarrow$ 2-Methylpropan-2-ol

How will you convert:
(i) Propene to propan $-1-$ ol?
(ii) Ethanal to propan-2-ol?

Write the equations involved in the following reactions:
(i) Reimer - Tietmann reaction
(ii) Williamson synthesis

Arrange the following compounds in the decreasing order of their boiling points.
a) Pentan-1-ol
b) 2-Methylbutan-2-ol
c) 3-Methylbutan-2-ol

Arrange the following in the decreasing order of their boiling points:
$\displaystyle CH_3CH_2OH, HOCH_2CH_2OH, CH_3CH_2Cl$ .

Can we dry ethanol by anhydrous $CaCl_2$ ?

What is the major product when ethanol is treated with $conc. H_{2}SO_{4}$ at $413\ K$ ?

(a) Write the IUPAC name and structural formula of secondary-Butyl alcohol.
(b) Give equations for preparation of phenol from the following compounds:
(i) Benzene
(ii) Aniline.
(c) Write the resonance structures of phenol.

How is carbolic acid prepared from the following compound?
(i) Aniline
(ii) Chlorobenzene and steam at $698$ K?
Draw structure of DDT. Write its environmental effects.
Mention two physical properties of carbolic acid.

Write balanced chemical equations for the action of:

(1) Phosphorus trichloride on propan-2-ol
(2) Hydrogen bromide on styrene in the presence of a peroxide.
(3) Methyl bromide on silver propanoate.

Write the chemical reactions of $C_{2}H_{5}OH$ with $PCl_{3}$ and $PCl_{5}$ separately

Match the following compounds with their functional groups:
S.No Compounds Functional Groups
1. Alcohol $>C=O$
2. Aldehyde $-OH$
3. Ketone $-COOH$
4. Carboxylic acid $-CHO$

Write a balanced equation using the correct symbols for these chemical reactions:
i) Action of hydrogen on ethene in the presence of nickel catalyst.
ii) Combustion of methane evolving carbondioxide and water.
iii) Dehydrogenation of ethanol.
iv) Decarboxylation of Sodium salt of ethanoic acid.

Write the IUPAC name of the following.
$CH_3-\!\!\!\!\!\!\overset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{\overset{|}{\underset{\,\,\,\,\,C_2H_5}{\underset{|}{C}}}\!\!\!\!-}\,\underset{OH}{\underset{|}{C}H}-CH_3$

Carry out the following conversions:
(i) Phenol to benzoquinone.
(ii) Propanone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol.
(iii) Propene to propan-2-ol.

How are the following conversions carried out ?
(i) Propene to propane-2-ol
(ii) Benzyl chloride to Benzyl alcohol
(iii) Anisole to p-Bromoanisole

Identify the products 'A' 'B' and 'C' in the following reaction
$CH_3 - CH_2 - OH \overset{Cu}{\underset{573 K}{\longrightarrow}}$ A $\overset{NaCN+ dil.HCl}{\longrightarrow}$ B $\underset{dil.HCl}{\longrightarrow} C$ ?

Give the IUPAC name of ${CH}_{3}-{CH}_{2}-CH(OH)-{CH}_{3}$ .

Predict the major product of acid catalysed dehydration:
(i) 1-methyl cyclohexanol
(ii) Butan-1-ol

$H_2C=CH-CH_2OH$
Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol.

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.
$(C_2H_5)_3C-OH$

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.
$(CH_3)_3C-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,OH}{|}}CH-C_2H_5$

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.
$CH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_2-OH$

Give the IUPAC name for the following alcohols. Classify as primary or secondary or teritiary alcohol.
$CH_3 - \underset{\,\,\,OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - \overset{\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,CH_3}{\overset{|}{CH}} - CH_3$

$CH_2OHCH_2OH$
Write IUPAC name of the above compound.

The IUPAC name of the compound is:
$H_2=CH-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}CH-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,\,C_2H_5}{|}}CH-\underset{\underset{\,\,OH}{|}}CH-CH_3$

Write the product $(CH_{3})_{3}C-OH\xrightarrow[573 K]{Cu}$

Arrange according boiling point: $CH_3 \, CH_2 CH_3 , \, CH_3 CHO , \, CH_3 CH_2 OH, \, CH_3 OCH_3$ .

Identify X and Y.
$\quad \quad \quad \quad OH\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad |\\ { CH }_{ 3 }-{ CH-CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 3 }\xrightarrow { 607.{ H }_{ 2 }SO_{ 4 },373k } \quad X+Y$

$2-Methylbutan-2-ol$

$CH_3COOCH_2CH_3+CH_3MgI\rightarrow ?$

What is the action of following reagent on phenol?

Bromine in ${ CS }_{ 2 }$ at low temperature :

Give reasons :
o-nitrophenol is more volatile than p-nitrophenol

How the following conversion can be carried out?
Ethanol to propanenitrile

Write the mechanism of the following reaction:

2CH $_{3}$ CH $_{2}$ OH $\underrightarrow {{ H}^{ + } }$ CH $_{3}$ CH $_{2}$ OCH $_{2}$ CH $_{3}$

Give reasons:
p-nitro phenol is more acidic than p-methyl phenol.

Write the structure of the compound whose IUPAC name is :
3 - Cyclohexylpentan - 3 - ol

What happens when :
Ethyl alcohol is heated at $170^{\circ}C$ with excess of $conc. H_{2}SO_{4}$ ?

Complete the following equations :

$CH_{3}CH_{2} CH = CH_{2}\xrightarrow {CHCl_{3}} (A)\xrightarrow {NaOH} (B)$ .

Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Isopropyl alcohol

The ease of dehydration of alcohols is in the order _ $>$ secondary $>$ __.

Write the structural formula and IUPAC names of the alcoholic isomers with molecular formula $C_4H_{10}O$ .

Write IUPAC name of the following.

Isoamyl alcohol.

Write IUPAC name of the following.

Chloral hydrate.

What happens when vapour of ethyl alcohol is passed through heated aluminium oxide at $360^o$ C?

The following name is inconsistent with the prevalent rules. Rename the compound in accordance with the accepted conventions:
$2-Phenyl-3-butanol$ .

Explain the mechanism of the following reactions:
(a) Bromine on ethylene.
(b) $HBr$ on ethylene.

How will you obtain the following from propene?

$n-Propyl\ alcohol$ .

Outline a synthesis of alcohol from the indicated staring material.
Allyl alcohol from propene.

Outline a synthesis of alcohol from the indicated starting material.
Isopropyl alcohol from a hydrocarbon.

Complete the following equations:
$2C_{6}H_{5}Cl + Na \xrightarrow {Ether}$ .

Fill in the blanks:
Amongst the three isomers of nitrophenol, the one that is least soluble in water is ________.

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene?
Resorcinol.

With specific compounds write equations for the reactions involved in the following conversions:
An aromatic hydrocarbon to its hydroxy derivative.

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene?
$m-Nitrophenol$ .

$m-nitro\ ethyl \ benzene$ on $Br_2$ and uv light,, What is the product ?

Give the major product of hydration of the following alkene.
$C_3H_6(CH_3-CH=CH_2)\overset{H^+}{\underset{D_2O}{\rightarrow}}?$

Identify the functional group present in the following compound and name it according to IUPAC system: $CH_{3}OH$ .

Give the major product of hydration of the following alkene.
$C_3H_6(CH_3-CH=CH_2)\overset{D^+}{\underset{D_2O}{\rightarrow}}?$

Give the major product of hydration of the following alkene.
$C_3H_6(CH_3-CH=CH_2)\overset{D^+}{\underset{HOH}{\rightarrow}}?$

Write IUPAC name of the following compounds:

$CH_3 - \underset{OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - \underset{OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - CH_3$

Write IUPAC name of the following compounds:

$HO - CH_2 - \underset{OH}{\underset{|}{CH}} - CH_2 - OH$