Aldehydes,Ketones And Carboxylic Acids - Class 12 Engineering Chemistry - Extra Questions
The IUPAC name of succinic acid is Butane-1,4-dioic acid.
If true enter 1, if false enter 0.
The structure of succinic acid is shown:
Its IUPAC name is Butane-1,4-dioic acid.
Write chemical equations for the following conversions:
(i) Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid.
(ii) Benzyl chloride to 2-phenylethanamine.
(iii) Aniline to benzyl alcohol.
Give the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(a) Formaldehyde
(b) Acetone.
Why are aldehydes and ketones polar compounds?
Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid. Write the equation involve in the reaction.
figure
Draw the structure of the simplest ketone.
Write the structure of the principal organic product formed in the reaction of 1-propanol with each of the following reagents: (i) Potassium dichromate $$(K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7})$$ in adqueous sulfuric acid, heat
What is the IUPAC name of succinic acid?
Therefore, the IUPAC name of Succinic acid is Butane$$-1,4-$$dioic acid.
How can the second compound be obtained from the first compound?
Write the product of this reaction ?
Refer to image
Alkylic or benzylic alcohol can be readily oxidised under mild conditions. manganese dioxide $$MnO_2$$ is a mild oxidising agent than selectively oxidised primary or secondary alcohol to form ketone
Write the product of this reaction :
Refer to Image
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane are claved by perodic acid $$(HIO_4)$$ in to two carbonyl compounds the reaction is occurs via the formation of a cyclic periodic ester.
Bring about the following transformation:$$Toluene \longrightarrow C_6H_5CH_2COOH$$
What is the structure of $$E$$?
$$CH_3CHO\xrightarrow[\Delta]{SeO_2}$$ What is the product of this reaction:
A is an alkene. Identify the reactant $$A$$ in the above reaction.
Convert the above compound and note that $$KMnO_4$$ can cause cleavage of the ring in the presence of the activating (-OH) group.
$${KMnO}_{4}$$ is a very strong oxidizing agent, but it can only oxidise methyl group having $$\alpha -H$$ attached to it.
(I) (II)Convert I to II.
$${KMnO}_{4}$$ is best suitable reagent for conversion of alkyl benzene to corresponding carboxylic acid.
Propose structure/structures for the hydrocarbon that gives the following products on oxidative cleavage by $$KMnO_4/H^\oplus$$
$$KMnO_4$$( potassium permanganate) is a strong oxidizing agent that will oxidize the compound $$A$$.
Identify $$E$$ in the above reaction.
Complete the following.
It is an example of $$1,4$$ addition reaction of $$HBr$$ with $$\alpha , \beta -$$ unsaturated ketone:
Identify A, B, and C.i) Isomeric alcohols (A), (B), and (C) $$\displaystyle \left ( C_{5}H_{12}O \right )$$.
ii) (A) and (B) react with chromic acid solution. (B) gives an acid (D).
iii) Reactivity with HBr is: $$\displaystyle C> A\gg B.$$ All give the same compound, $$\displaystyle C_{5}H_{11}Br\left ( E \right ).$$
iv) Only (A) is oxidised by NaOI.
ii) (A) and (B) react with chromic acid solution. (B) gives an acid (D).
iii) Reactivity with HBr is: $$\displaystyle C> A\gg B.$$ All give the same compound, $$\displaystyle C_{5}H_{11}Br\left ( E \right ).$$
iv) Only (A) is oxidised by NaOI.
So, since $$(B)$$ on oxidation gives acids since it is primary alcohal. $$(A)$$ gives ketone upon oxidation since it is secondary, and also reduces$$NaOI$$ (Haloform test) to give $${CHI}_{3}$$ and corresponding acid, since $$(A)$$ has $$\left( { CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { |OH }{ CH- } \right) $$ group.
Identify (A) and (B) in the given sequence of reaction $$PhCH_2CHO \overset{SeO_2}{\rightarrow}(A) \xrightarrow[(ii)H^+]{(i)con.OH^-}$$ (B)
Phenylacetaldehyde reacts with selenium dioxide to produce phenylglyoxal. After treatment of water to form alcohol.
Draw the structure of the following compound:
4-Chloropentan-2-one
4-Chloropentan-2-one
Draw the structures of following compounds:p-Nitropropiophenone
Draw the structure of the following compound :
p,p'-Dihydroxybenzophenone
4,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone is an organic compound with the formula $$(HOC_6H_4)_2CO$$.
Write structural formulae and names of four possiblealdol condensation products from propanal and butanal.III each case, indicate which aldehyde acts as nucleophile and which as electrophile.
Taking two molecules of propanal, one which acts as a nucleophile and the other as an electrophile.
Draw the structure of the following compound.
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
Here the suffix is $$-one$$ i.e. ketone is the main functional group at 2nd position and $$-en$$ i.e. alkene (double bond) 3rd position while methyl group on 4th position and pent means parent chain should have 5 carbon atoms.
Complete the following reaction and write the structures of A to D.
Draw structures of the following derivatives.
(i) The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde
(ii) Cyclopropanone oxime
(iii) Acetaldehydedimethylacetal
(iv) The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone
(v) The ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one
(vi) The methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde
The required structures are as shown.
Ethyl alcohol to trichloroacetic acid
How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom:
(i) Methyl benzoate (ii) m-Nitrobenzoic acid
(iii) p-Nitrobenzoic acid (iv) Phenylacetic acid
(v) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde.
The preparation of compounds is as shown.
What are ambident nucleophiles? Explain with an example
Write the main product(s) in each of the following reactions:(i) $$CH_3 -\!\!\!\underset{\,\,CH_3}{\underset{|}{ \overset{\quad CH_3}{\overset{|}{C}}} \!\!\!-}\, O - CH_3 - HI \to$$(ii) $$CH_3 - CH = CH_2 \xrightarrow[(ii)\, 3H_2O_2/OH^-]{(i)\, B_2H_6}$$(iii) $$C_6H_5 - OH \xrightarrow[(ii)\, CO_2, H^+]{(i)\, aq.NaOH}$$
Write the IUPAC name of the compound :
$$\begin{matrix} C{ H }_{ 3 }- & CH & -C{ H }_{ 2 }- & C & -C{ H }_{ 3 } \\ & | & & || & \\ & OH & & O & \end{matrix}$$
$$\begin{matrix} C{ H }_{ 3 }- & CH & -C{ H }_{ 2 }- & C & -C{ H }_{ 3 } \\ & | & & || & \\ & OH & & O & \end{matrix}$$
The correct IUPAC name is $$4-hydroxypentan-2-one$$.
The parent compound contains $$5$$ carbon atoms. Hence, it is a derivative of pentane. The carbonyl group is present on second carbon atom. Hence, it is named $$pentan-2-one$$. The last alphabate 'e' of pentane is replaced with word $$-2-one$$. A hydroxyl group is present as a substituent on fourth carbon atom and is named as prefix.
The parent compound contains $$5$$ carbon atoms. Hence, it is a derivative of pentane. The carbonyl group is present on second carbon atom. Hence, it is named $$pentan-2-one$$. The last alphabate 'e' of pentane is replaced with word $$-2-one$$. A hydroxyl group is present as a substituent on fourth carbon atom and is named as prefix.
Name the reagents used in the following reactions:
(i) $$C{ H }_{ 3 }-CO-C{ H }_{ 3 }\xrightarrow { \quad \quad ?\quad \quad } \begin{matrix} & & C{ H }_{ 3 } & & \\ & & | & & \\ C{ H }_{ 3 } & - & C & - & C{ H }_{ 3 } \\ & & | & & \\ & & OH & & \end{matrix}$$
(ii) $$C{ H }_{ 3 }-COOH\xrightarrow { \quad \quad ?\quad \quad } ClC{ H }_{ 2 }-COOH$$
Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions: ethanol, propanal, propanone, butanone.
Positive inductive effect (+I groups) increases the electron density on carbonyl carbon which leads to the generation of carbocation which favours nucleophilic addition (so more the +I group more will be the ability of formation of carbocation so more is the ease to under go nucleophilic addition reaction).
So, from ethanal to butanone, +I effect increase due to bulky carbon chain so the order of nucleophilicity is $$Ethanal>propanal>propanaone>Butanone$$.
So, from ethanal to butanone, +I effect increase due to bulky carbon chain so the order of nucleophilicity is $$Ethanal>propanal>propanaone>Butanone$$.
Predict the products of the following reactions.
(i) $$\displaystyle CH_{3}-C=O\xrightarrow{H_{2}N-NH_{2}}$$
|
$$CH_{3}$$
(ii)$$\displaystyle C_{6}H_{5}-CH_{3}\xrightarrow[(b)H^{+}]{(a)KMnO_{4}/KOH}$$
(iii) $$Ph-COOH \xrightarrow {Br_2/FeBr_3}$$
Why do aldehydes and ketones have high dipole moments?
How can the following conversation be brought about:
Propanoic acid to ethylamine.
$$\pi$$ bonds are formed by the _______ overlap of _______ orbitals.
Give the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the following compounds
(a) Malonic acid
(b) Succinic acid.
The structural formulae are as shown
(a) Malonic acid has IUPAC name 1,4-butanedioc acid.
(b) Succinic acid has IUPAC name 1,3-propanedioc acid.
To name dicarboxylic acids suffix dioc acid is added to the name of parent hydrocarbon. The position of carboxylic groups is indicated with proper locants.
(a) Malonic acid has IUPAC name 1,4-butanedioc acid.
(b) Succinic acid has IUPAC name 1,3-propanedioc acid.
To name dicarboxylic acids suffix dioc acid is added to the name of parent hydrocarbon. The position of carboxylic groups is indicated with proper locants.
How are the following compounds prepared?Benzaldehyde from benzoyl chloride.
The preparation of benzaldehyde from benzoyl chloride is as follows
How is 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one obtained from propan-e-one?
The steps involved in the preparation of 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one from propan-2-one are as above.
State the IUPAC names of the following compounds :
(i) $$C{H}_{3} - C{H}_{2} - C{H}_{2} - OH$$
(ii) $$HCOOH$$
(iii) $$C{H}_{3} - C{H}_{2} - CH = C{H}_{2}$$.
Look at the picture and identify what happens. Support your answer with equations.
How is B formed from A?
Carboxylic acids are prepared by oxidation of Alcohols using acidic, alkaline or neutral potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate and chromium trioxide in acidic media.
Mention the hybridised state of carbonyl carbon atom.
This is the structure of carbonyl carbon where the carbon is attached with one double bond with oxygen and two single bonds.
If a carbon is attached with all single bonds it is $$sp^{3}$$ hybridized.
If a carbon is attached with one double bond it is $$sp^{2}$$ hybridized.
If a carbon is attached with one triple bond or two double bonds it is $$sp$$ hybridized.
Hence, the carbonyl carbon is $$sp^{2}$$ hybridized.
If a carbon is attached with all single bonds it is $$sp^{3}$$ hybridized.
If a carbon is attached with one double bond it is $$sp^{2}$$ hybridized.
If a carbon is attached with one triple bond or two double bonds it is $$sp$$ hybridized.
Hence, the carbonyl carbon is $$sp^{2}$$ hybridized.
How will you bring out the following conversion :
(i) Acetyl chloride to Acetaldehyde
(ii) Methanal to Ethanal.
How will you bring out the following conversion :
(i) Acetylchloride to acetaldehyde :
(ii) $$\displaystyle Methanal$$ to $$\displaystyle Ethanal$$.
$$\displaystyle Methanal$$ reacts with $$\displaystyle methyl \: magnesium \: bromide$$ followed by acid hydrolysis to form $$\displaystyle ethanol$$. Controlled oxidation gives $$\displaystyle ethanal$$
(i) Acetylchloride to acetaldehyde :
Rosenmund's reaction:
$$\displaystyle H_2$$ gas is passed through a boiling solution of acetyl chloride in xylene in the presence of $$\displaystyle Pd $$ catalyst supported by $$ \displaystyle BaSO_4 $$. The catalyst is poisoned by sulphur or quinoline. This avoids further reduction of acetaldehyde to ethyl alcohol
$$\displaystyle CH_3-\underset { \displaystyle \underset { \displaystyle O}{||}}{C}-Cl \xrightarrow [sulphur]{Pd/BaSO_4} CH_3-\underset { \displaystyle \underset { \displaystyle O}{||}}{C}-H+HCl$$(ii) $$\displaystyle Methanal$$ to $$\displaystyle Ethanal$$.
$$\displaystyle Methanal$$ reacts with $$\displaystyle methyl \: magnesium \: bromide$$ followed by acid hydrolysis to form $$\displaystyle ethanol$$. Controlled oxidation gives $$\displaystyle ethanal$$
Identify the substance underlined, in each of the following cases:
An organic compound containing - $$COOH$$ functional group.
What is the IUPAC name of the compound?
First numbering will occur from $$-COOH$$ substituted carbon, then second numbering to methyl substituted carbon.
$$2-methyl-cyclopentanoic$$ $$acid$$
What is the action of the following reagent on ethanoic acid?
$$LiAlH_4/H_3O^+$$.
Find the number of compounds from the list below that will be oxidised by Tollens reagent (Ammonical silver nitrate solution)
$$\displaystyle { H }_{ 3 }C-CHO\quad { H }_{ 3 }C-\overset { \overset { O }{ \parallel } }{ C } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\quad { H }_{ 3 }\underset { \underset { OH }{ | } }{ C } -\overset { \overset { O }{ \parallel } }{ C } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\\ { { H }_{ 3 }C }-{ CH }_{ 2 }C\equiv { CH }\quad { { H }_{ 3 }C-C\equiv C }-{ CH }_{ 3 }\quad Fructose$$
How do you convert the following?
Toluene to Benzoic acid.
Toluene to Benzoic acid.
Toluene is oxidized with alkaline $$KMnO_4$$ followed by acidification to form benzoic acid. Other oxidising agents that can be used are acidic $$KMnO_4$$, acidic $$K_2Cr_2O_7$$ and dil $$HNO_3$$ etc.
How are the following conversions carried out?
$$2 - methylbutan-1-01$$ into $$2-methylbutanoic\ acid$$.
ohn's reagent convert $$1^{\circ}$$ alcohol to carboxylic acid while $$2^{\circ}$$ alcohol to ketone.
Find the final product of the reaction.
Identify the organic compound : $$HOOC-(CH_2)_2 -COOH$$
The given compound is:
Succinic acid or Butane-1,4-dioic acid.
It is a dicarboxylic acid.
Ketones can also be used as one component in the :
Give the IUPAC name of the given compound.
Which aldehyde smell like bitter almond?
Benzenaldehyde smell like bitter almond.it used in perfmues.
Isopropyl alcohol convert into isobuteryic acid.
Find:
$$\beta$$ keto acids undergoes decarboxylation very rapidly when little heating is done.
The product formed is Luccinnic acid.
In the reaction sequence, $$[X]$$ is: $$[X]\overset{KMnO_4/\overset{\ominus}{O}H}{\rightarrow} HOOC-(CH_2)_3-\overset{CH_3}{\overset{|}{C}}-H-COOH$$.
How will you convert Benzene to Benzoic acid?
Identify A and B
Write any two uses of $$40$$% solution of formaldehyde.
$$CH_3CH_2OH \xrightarrow {O} CH_3CHO \xrightarrow {O} CH_3COOH $$Give the oxidizing agent in the given reactions.
Write the structure of a nitrolic acid.
Nitrolic acid are organic compounds with functional group RC ($$NO_2$$)=NOH
They are mostly laboratory curiosities.
Identify the organic compound $$A$$ which is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular formula $$C_{2}H_{4}O_{2}$$. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet-smelling compound $$B$$.
How will you convert $$4$$-nitrotoulene to $$2$$-bromobenzoic acid?
The catalysts used in the conversion are Sn, $$H_3PO_2$$ and $$KMnO_4$$. The $$KMnO_4$$ is strong oxidizing agent and is used to oxidize $$-CH_3$$ to $$-COOH$$
Based on $$pK_a$$ values the order of decreasing acidity of carboxylic acid molecules containing EWG must be?
$$CF_3COOH, \; CCl_3COOH, \; HCCl_2COOH, \; NO_2CH_2COOH, \; FCH_2COOH, \\ ClCH_2COOH, \; BrCH_2COOH, \; HCOOH, \; ClCH_2CH_2COOH, \; C_6H_5COOH, \; \\ C_6H_5CH_2COOH, \; CH_3COOH, \; CH_3CH_2COOH$$.
Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon compounds having functional group $$-COOH$$.
The first member of the carbon compounds having functional group $$-COOH$$ is methanoic acid as shown above.
Write the structures of aldehydes that are obtained on ozonolysis of (i) but-1-ene and (ii) but-2-ene.
Name the product obtained when alcohol is added to a carbonyl group in presence of dry $${HCl}$$
When product obtained when alcohol is added to a carbonyl group in presence of dry $$HCl$$ a hemiacetal is formed.
Hydrocarbon $$'A'({C}_{4}{H}_{8})$$ on reaction with $$HCl$$ gives a compound $$'B'({C}_{4}{H}_{9}Cl)$$, which on reaction with $$1mol$$ of $${NH}_{3}$$ gives compound $$'C'({C}_{4}{H}_{11}N)$$. On reacting with $$Na{NO}_{2}$$ and $$HCl$$ followed by treatment with water. the compound $$C$$ yields an optically active alcohol, $$'D'$$. Ozonolysis of $$'A'$$ gives $$2$$ mol of acetaldehyde. Identify compound $$'D'$$.
Which product is formed ?
The reagent is an oxidizing agent.
It converts primary alcohol to corressponding acid..
Convert : Ethentrityl $$\rightarrow $$ Ethanol
How is propanone converted into-
(i) Propan - 2 - ol
(ii) 2 - Methylpropan - 2 - ol?
(i) Propan - 2 - ol
(ii) 2 - Methylpropan - 2 - ol?
Complete the reaction :
$$CrO_3$$ is an oxidising agent which oxides the primary alcohol into acid, and secondary alcohol into ketone and does not rest with tertiary alcohol.
What is the action of acidified potassium dichromate on acetaldehyde?
Aldenudes can be oxidised to carboxylic acids.
Acidified potassium dichromatc $$(VI)$$ is a suita
Oxidising agent and the reaction is normally carried out under reflex.
$$NH_3$$ and its derivative do not show nucleophillic addition reactions with aldehydes and ketone in high acidic medium. Justify.
Write the structures of the products of the given reaction:$$CH_3-CH_2-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}CH_CHO\xrightarrow{NaBH_4}$$
Image
Aldehydes are more reactive toward nucleophillic addition reactions than ketones. Justify.
Arrange the following compounds according to increasing order of their reactivity.
acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzophenone
State what is formed when the compound is treated with $$H_2SO_4$$, heat?
Conversion of acetic acid to acetone
Write structures of the products of the following reactions:
(i)$$CH_3-CH=CH_2 \xrightarrow []{H_2O/H}$$
(iii)$$CH_3-CH_2-\underset { |\\ CH_3 }{ CH } -CHO \xrightarrow []{NaBH_4}$$
Classify the following compounds as acetals, ketals, hemiacetals and hemiketals.
State whether the following statement is True or False:
Formic acid is not the typical acid of the monocarboxylic acid series.
State whether the following statement is True or False:
The IUPAC name of acetic acid is methanoic acid.
Write the final product in the given reaction:
this is final product
State whether the following statement is True or False:
Monocarboxylic acids are called fatty acids
Fill in the blanks:
Propionic acid and ethyl formate are _____ isomers.
Fill in the blanks:
Acid hydrolysis of alkyl nitriles gives ______
Complete the following equations by writing the missing (A), (B), (C), (D) etc
$$\underset { Ethylene }{ { H }_{ 2 }C } \xrightarrow [ ]{ HBr } (A)\xrightarrow [ ]{ KCN } (B)\xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 }O/{ H }^{ + } } (C)$$
How will you synthesise?
Crotonic acid from acetaldehyde
Answer the following:
Why the $$C=O$$ in $$RCOOH$$ is less reactive towards nucleophiles than in aldehydes and ketones?
In $$RCOOH$$ there is less positive charge on a carbon atom of the $$C=O$$ group. thus, this carbon is less electrophilic in $$RCOOH$$ in comparison to aldehydes and ketones and so is less reactive towards nucleophiles.
How will you synthesise?
$$\alpha$$- Hydroxy propionic acid from acetaldehyde
How will you synthesise?
Acetamide from acetone
Give the common and IUPAC names of the dicarboxylic acids, $$HOOC{({CH}_{2})}_{n}COOH, n=0,1,2,3,4,5$$
Complete the following equations by writing the missing (A), (B), (C), (D) etc
$$\underset { Ethyl\quad alcohol }{ { C }_{ 2 }{ H }_{ 5 } } \xrightarrow [ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } ]{ { Na }_{ 2 }{ Cr }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 7 } } (A)\xrightarrow [ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } ]{ { Na }_{ 2 }{ Cr }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 7 } } (B)\xrightarrow [ ]{ NaH{ CO }_{ 3 } } (C)\xrightarrow [ ]{ soda\quad lime } (D)$$
Give the structural formula, common names and IUPAC names for the first six straight-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids.
Complete the following equations by writing the missing (A), (B), (C), (D) etc
$${ CH }_{ 3 }CHO\xrightarrow [ ]{ HCN } (A)\xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 }O/{ H }^{ + } } (B)\xrightarrow [ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } ]{ K_{ 2 }{ Cr }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 7 } } (C)$$
Complete the given reactions:
chelation
Complete the given reactions:
Fill in the blanks :
The carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones undergoes ........... addition reactions.
Identify (A) to (F) in the given series of reaction:
A and F is given
What are (A) and (B) in the given reaction?
Complete the given reaction:
here the answer
Give the mechansim of :
Give the mechanism of :
(i) addition of HCN to acetaldehyde
Identify the (A), (B), in the following reactions sequence:
$$ (CH_3)_2C+O +C_6H_5NH_2 \xrightarrow {H^+ } (A) \xrightarrow [Heat] { H_3O^+} (B) $$
Identify the (A), (B), (C) and in the following reactions sequence:
Give the mechansim of :
(ii) Addition of HCN to acetone
Identify the unknown compounds:
$$C_{6}H_{5}C\equiv CH \xrightarrow {NaNH_{2}, MeI} (A) \xrightarrow {Na/NH_{3}(l)} (B)$$.
$$C_{6}H_{5}C\equiv CH \xrightarrow {NaNH_{2}, MeI} (A) \xrightarrow {Na/NH_{3}(l)} (B)$$.
-
Identify the final product in the above reaction.
Name the final product of the following reaction:
Phenol is treated with nitric acid in the presence of $$H_{2}SO_{4}$$.
With concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid, phenol is converted to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. The product is commonly known as picric acid.
Complete the following equations:
$$C_{6}H_{5}CH_{3}\xrightarrow {Air/ V_{2}O_{5}}$$.
How will you obtain?
Adipic acid from benzene.
Identify the unknown compounds:
How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene?
Benzene sulphonic acid.
Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of $$HCOOH$$.
(a) When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then a salt $$X$$ is formed and a gas $$Y$$ is evolved. Name the salt $$X$$ and gas $$Y$$. Describe an activity with the help of a labeled diagram of the apparatus used to prove that the evolved gas is the one you have named. Also, write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
(b) Give any two uses of ethanoic acid.
(a) Salt $$X$$ is sodium ethanoate, $$CH_{3}COONa$$ and gas $$Y$$ is carbon dioxide, $$CO_{2}.$$
Activity: Take a boiling tube and put about $$0.5\ g$$ of sodium carbonate in it. Add $$2\ ml$$ of dilute ethanoic acid to the boiling tube (through a thistle funnel). We will observe that a brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas is produced. Let us pass this gas through lime water taken in a test tube. We will find that lime water turns milky. Only carbon dioxide gas can turn lime water milky. So, this experiment proves that when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then carbon dioxide gas is evolved.
Reaction: $$CH_3COOH+NaHCO_3\to CH_3COONa+CO_2+H_2O$$
Gas with lime water: $$CO_2+Ca(OH)_2\to CaCO_3+H_2O$$
(b) Any two uses of ethanoic acid are:
(i) Dilute ethanoic acid (in the form of vinegar) is used as a food preservative in the preparation of pickles and sauces.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of acetone and esters used in perfumes.
Write the formulae of : (a) methanoic acid; and (b) ethanoic acid.
(a) What would be observed on adding a $$5\%$$ alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol in a test-tube? Write the name of the compound formed during the chemical reaction. Also write chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.
(b) How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of a chemical property?
Provide the structures of compounds A, B, C, and D in the above questions.
Write the IUPAC names of following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give common names also.
- $$Ph - CH = CH - CHO$$
Complete the above :
Write the IUPAC names of following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give common names also.
- $$CH_3(CH_2)_5CHO$$
Write the structure of $$2-$$ hydroxybenzaldehyde.
Name the reagents used in the following reaction:
Oxidation of primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.
Oxidation of primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.
Give the formula of the following functional groups
(a) Aldehyde
(b) Ketone
Do the following conversions in not more than two steps:
Propanoic acid to $$2-$$hydroxypropanoic acid
Arrange the following compounds inn increasing order of their property as indicated:
$$CH_3COCH_3, C_6H_5-CO-C_6H_5, CH_3CHO$$ (reactivity towards nucleophilic addition reaction)
Write the IUPAC names of above ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give common names also.
Provide the structures of compounds A, B, C, and D in the above questions.
Convert: Methanol to ethanoic acid
Which of the following are carboxylic acids:
$$ C_{2}H_{4}O_{2} , \quad C_{2}H_{4}O, \quad C_{2}H_{6}O, \quad C_{3}H_{6}O_{2} $$
Write the structure of the following compound : $$3-$$ oxopentanal.
Give reasons:
Propanone is less reactive than ethanal towards nucleophilic addition reactions.
Propose the mechanism for the following reaction:
$$CH_3\ CHO+\ HCN \xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 } } \begin{matrix} { CH }_{ 3 }- & CH- & CN \\ & | & \\ & OH & \end{matrix}$$
The reaction proceeds through the nucleophilic attack of $$CN^-$$ ion as follows:
Give the IUPAC name of the following organic compounds:
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleopjilic addition reactions.
Benzaldehyde, $$p-$$Tolualdehyde, $$p-$$Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:
Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone ( reactivity towards $$HCN$$)
Would you expect benzalsehyde to be more reactive or less reactive in nucleophilic addition reaction than propanal? Explain your answer.
The carbon atom of the carbonyl group of benzaledehyde is less electrophilic than carbon atom of the carbonyl group present in propanal. The polarity of the carbonyl group is reduced in benzaldehyde due to resonance as shown below and hence it is less raective than propanal.
Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.
Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone
Give the IUPAC name of the following organic compounds:
Write the structural formula and IUPAC name of the compound: di-sec.
butylketone.
Write the IUPAC name of the following:
$$4-$$ Methyl pentanoic acid
The monoamino monocarboxylic acids have two $$ pK_a $$ values. Explain.
How would you bring about the conversion of Propanol to propanoic acid? Name the process and write reaction involved.
Draw the structure of the following derivatives:
The 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde
Draw the structure of the following derivatives:
Cyclopanone oxime
Suggest a reagent for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid.
What are carboxylic acids? Give their formula
Draw the structure of the following derivatives:
Acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal
write the name and structure of an aldehyde with four carbon atoms in its molecule.
Compound is Butanal
Given the $$IUPAC$$ names of the following compounds numbered (i) to (v). The $$IUPAC$$ name of thr compounds on the left are to guide you for given the correct $$IUPAC$$ names of the compounds on the right.
Identify the odd one out and justify.
Acetic acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
Give the structural formulae and IUPAC name of acetic acid. What is glacial acetic acid?
Structural formula of acetic acid:
IUPAC name of acetic acid is: Ethanoic acid
Glacial acetic is the pure form of acetic acid. It does not contain water.
Write the IUPAC name of the following structural formulae.
$$ CH_{3} CH_{3} - COOH $$
Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
butanone
Write the common name, IUPAC name and formula of one monocarboxylic acid and one dicarboxylic acid
Write the structural formulae for the following IUPAC
butanoic acid
Write the structural formulae for the following IUPAC name .pent-2-one
Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid,
Ethylbenzene
Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
What product is obtained when ethyl benzene is oxidized with alkaline $$KMnO_4$$?
Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid,
Bromobenzene
Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:
Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid,
Phenylethene (Styrene)
Give the names of the functional group
> C = O
Draw structures of the following derivatives.
Acetaldehydedimethylacetal
Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products
Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.
$$CH_3CH_2CHBrCH_2CH(CH_3)CHO$$
Write down the IUPAC name of the given compound.
$$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-COOH$$
Write the structural formula of the following compounds.
$$3$$-Bromo-$$4$$-phenyl pentanoic acid
Write the uses of methanoic acid.
Write the structural formula and IUPAC name of the following compounds:
(i) Formic acid
(ii) Ethyl acetate
(iii) Ethyl methyl ether
Write the IUPAC name of $$OHC-CH_2-CH_2 - COOH$$
Write the IUPAC name of glycerol and crotonic acid.
Write the IUPAC names of
Write the structural formula of the following compounds.
Hex -$$2$$-en-$$4$$- ynoic acid
Draw the structure of $$4$$ methyl pent -$$3$$ ene-$$2$$one.
Write down the IUPAC name of the compound given below:
$$CH_3 - CH_2 - CH_2 - CH_2 - CH_2 - COOH$$
List out the uses of ethanoic acid.
Write the IUPAC name of the following organic compound:
$$CH_3 - COOH$$
$$3$$ mL, of ethanol is taken in a test tube and warmed gently in a water bath. A $$5\%$$ solution of alkaline potassium permanganate is added first drop by drop to this solution, then in excess.
Write chemical equation of this reaction.
Give hybridization state of each carbon in the following compounds:
$$(CH_3)_2CO $$
| Column I ( organic compounds oxidised by $$\displaystyle HIO_{4}$$ ) | Column II ( products of $$\displaystyle HIO_{4}$$ oxidation ) |
Consider the reaction in column-I and match them with product properties in column-II
(A) -Nucleophilic addition of $$CN^-$$ at planar $$sp^2$$ carbon gives cyanohydrin. in this reaction, a racemic mixture is obtained.
(B) The product of the reaction $$CH_3COOC_2H_5\overset{C_2H_5ONa}{\underset {C_2H_5OH}{\longrightarrow}}\, \overset { (i)\, NaBH_4}{ \underset
{(ii)\, HO^-/H_2O}{\longrightarrow}}$$ is a racemic mixture.
(C) Inversion of confuration occur in first step to give a single enantiomer of nitrile which of hydrolysis give a single enantiomer of acid. Hence, the product of the reaction is a single enantiomer.
(D) The reaction $$HOC-CHO \overset{NaCN(aq)}{\longrightarrow} \, \overset{H^+/H_2O}{\longrightarrow}$$ produces three stereoisomers which includes a pair of diastereomers.
(B) The product of the reaction $$CH_3COOC_2H_5\overset{C_2H_5ONa}{\underset {C_2H_5OH}{\longrightarrow}}\, \overset { (i)\, NaBH_4}{ \underset
{(ii)\, HO^-/H_2O}{\longrightarrow}}$$ is a racemic mixture.
(C) Inversion of confuration occur in first step to give a single enantiomer of nitrile which of hydrolysis give a single enantiomer of acid. Hence, the product of the reaction is a single enantiomer.
(D) The reaction $$HOC-CHO \overset{NaCN(aq)}{\longrightarrow} \, \overset{H^+/H_2O}{\longrightarrow}$$ produces three stereoisomers which includes a pair of diastereomers.
An organic compound has molecular formula A $$\left ( C_{7}H_{10} \right )$$ and known to decolourized $$Br_{2}$$-water solution.A on reduction with $$H_{2}/Pt$$ produces B $$\left ( C_{7}H_{14} \right )$$. B on monochlorination with $$Cl_{2}/hv$$ produces four isomeric monochloro derivatives $$C_{7}H_{13}Cl$$. A on ozonolysis followed by work-up with Zn-dimethyl sulphide affords two and only two products, one being methanal and other C $$\left ( C_{6}H_{8}O_{3} \right )$$. C is oxidised with acidic solution of dochromate to yields D $$\left ( C_{6}H_{8}O_{5} \right )$$ which is soluble in $$NaHCO_{3}$$. D is reduced with $$NaBH_{4}$$ to yield E $$\left ( C_{6}H_{10}O_{3} \right )$$ which may be resolved into enantiomers. Identify A to E.
Step 1- $$A$$ has multiple bond as it gives the unsaturation test with $$Br_2$$ water
Step 2- Ozonolysis of $$A$$ in the presence of $$Zn-Me_2S$$ (Stops the oxidation upto aldehyde) will result in $$C$$
Step 3- Oxidation with strong oxidising agent $$K_2Cr_2O_7$$ will results in compound $$D$$, that will oxidise the aldehyde part to $$COOH$$
Step 4- $$NaBH_4$$ can't reduce the $$COOH$$ so it will reduce the ketone part and convert it to alcohol.
Identify (A) To (C)
Degree of Unsaturation in A = $$\displaystyle \frac{(2\, \times\,8\, +\,2)\, -\, 10}{2}\, =\, 4^{\circ}$$
Degree of Unsaturation in B = $$\displaystyle \frac{(2\, \times\,4\, +\,2)\, -\, 6}{2}\, =\, 2^{\circ}$$
Structure of B $$\Rightarrow$$ since it is an acid ($$C_3H_5COOH$$). In (B), 1 DU is accounted for acid group, another 1 DU is present in ($$C_3H_5$$). It should be a 3 C atom ring, not (C = C), since after ozonolysis or oxidative cleavage (C = C) bond or ($$C \equiv C$$) bond cannot be
Degree of Unsaturation in B = $$\displaystyle \frac{(2\, \times\,4\, +\,2)\, -\, 6}{2}\, =\, 2^{\circ}$$
Structure of B $$\Rightarrow$$ since it is an acid ($$C_3H_5COOH$$). In (B), 1 DU is accounted for acid group, another 1 DU is present in ($$C_3H_5$$). It should be a 3 C atom ring, not (C = C), since after ozonolysis or oxidative cleavage (C = C) bond or ($$C \equiv C$$) bond cannot be
Identify the products.
The complete reaction is shown in the figure.
Match the Compounds given in List-I with their Uses in List-II.
The compound which would undergo nucleophilic substitution fastest would be
$$CH_3CH_2CONH_2$$
$$CH_3CH_2COOCH_3$$
$$CH_3CH_2COCl$$
How many equivalents of HCHO are formed by oxidative cleavage of one equivalent of D-glucose by excess of HIO$$_4$$ in water?
1 equivalent of HCHO is formed by oxidative cleavage of one equivalent of D-glucose by an excess of $$HIO_4$$ in water.
Draw the structures of the following compounds.
(i) 3-Methylbutanal (ii) p-Nitropropiophenone
(iii) p-Methylbenzaldehyde (iv) 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
(v) 4-Chloropentan-2-one (vi) 3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid
(vii) p,p-Dihydroxybenzophenone (viii) Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid
How will you convert:
(i) Ethanoic acid into methanamine
(ii) Hexanenitrile into 1-aminopentane
(iii) Methanol to ethanoic acid
(iv) Ethanamine into methanamine
(v) Ethanoic acid into propanoic acid
(vi) Methanamine into ethanamine
(vii) Nitromethane into dimethylamine
(viii) Propanoic acid into ethanoic acid?
An organic compound with molecular formula $${C}_{9}{H}_{10}O$$ forms 2, 4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollen's reagent and undergoes Cannizaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation it gives a dicarboxylic acid which is used in the preparation of terylene. Identify the organic compound.
The positive Brady's test (ie reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) indicates that the organic compound is carbonyl compound and Tolllen's and Cannizoaro reactions indicate that it is an aldehyde without $$\alpha$$-hydrogen atom. As the end product is terephthalic benzaldehyde
Aldehydes, ketones and acids contain $$CO$$ group.
(a) Name the product obtained by the reaction between Acetic acid and Ethanol.
(b) Give any two tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.
Give one chemical test each to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:
(1) Ethanol and acetic acid
(2) Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde
Prepare carbolic acid from benzene sulphonic acid. Write a chemical equation for the action of neutral ferric chloride on phenol.
Preparation of carbolic acid (phenol) from benzene sulphonic acid:
Treatment of benzene sulphonic acid with NaOH gives sodium salt of benzene sulphonic acid. This sodium salt is heated with NaOH at $$350 ^0$$ to form sodium salt of phenol. The acid hydrolysis of sodium salt gives phenol.
The action of neutral ferric chloride on phenol gives violet coloured complex.
Find A, B, C, D, and E in the given table.
$$H_2/Pd$$ do addition on $$C=O$$ of $$H$$, and reduce ketone to alcohol.It does not reduce benzene.
(b) (Refer to Image 2)
Acid hydrolysis of ester takes place followed by de carboxylation in presence of heat.
(c) (Refer to Image 3)
This reaction is Wittig reaction which in presence of ylide gives alkene.
(d) (Refer to Image 4)
$$(CH_3)_2Cu_4 \rightarrow$$ Gilmann reagent, always undergo $$1,4$$ nucleophilic addition or michael addition, in which alkyl act as nucleophile.
(e) (Refer to Image 5)
This is an aldol reaction.
Name the product obtained when alcohol is added to the carbonyl group in the presence of dry $$HCl$$?
$$\xrightarrow[]{LiAlH_4} A..............................$$
How many -COOH the product has?
There are seven isomeric compounds with the formula $$C_{4}H_{10}O$$. Write their structure and identify their functional groups.
The compound is saturated with zero $$D.U.,$$(Degree of Unsaturation) so it can be alcohol or ether.
Write the structures of the following compounds.
$$4$$-Fluoroacetophenone
What is the functional groups in the following molecules?
$$CH_{3}COOH$$
Arrange the following in the increasing order of their reactivity towards nucleophilic addition reaction :
Refer Fig. 1
Increasing order of reactivityAs we know aldehydes have one $$R$$ group and $$1H$$ and $$R$$ group alkyl group is electron donating and hydrogen is electron withdrawing.
So Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones
Also, more electron donation less reactive the group.
So, order of reactivity is,
Refer Fig. 2
Answer the following questions:
Explain the mechanism of aldol addition reaction.
Mention two uses of carboxylic acids.
Explain the mechanism of aldol addition reaction.
Mention two uses of carboxylic acids.
Aldol addition reaction is the reaction in which substrate used is aldehydes & ketones having alpha hydrogens to the carboxyl group.
Aldol addition reaction is self condensation reaction.
We use weak base for the aldol reaction $$(NaOH/KOH)$$
Uses of carboxylic acids:
$$1$$. Manufacturing of soaps
$$2$$. Food industry uses organic carboxylic acids in production of SOH drinks, food products etc.
$$3$$. Carboxylic acids are used in preparation of drugs such as aspirin, phenacetin etc.
Match the following:
| (A) Acetic acid | (1) Soda lime | (M) $$Cl{CH}_{2}COOH$$ |
| (B) Formic acid | (2) Poisonous | (N) Dicarboxylic acid |
| (C) Decaboxylation | (3) Phosphorus | (O) Soap |
| (D) Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction | (4) Kolbe's synthesis | (P) Fermentation of sugar |
| (E) Oxalic acid | (5) Saponification | (Q) Carbon monoxide |
| (F) Electrolysis of $${CH}_{3}COOK$$ | (6) Vinegar | (R) Alkane |
| (G) $${CH}_{3}COO{C}_{2}{H}_{5}+NaOH$$ | (7) Dehydration | (S) Reducing acid |
| (H) Formic acid +conc. $${H}_{2}{SO}_{4}$$ | (8) Red ants | (T) Ethane |
Write the products formed when benzaldehyde reacts with the following reagents :
(i) $$CH_3 CHO$$ in presence of dilute $$NaOH$$
(ii) $$NH_2NH-C_6H_5$$
(iii) Conc. $$NaOH$$
Two isomeric compounds (A) and (B) have molecular formula $${C}_{6}{H}_{10}$$. Oxidation of (A) gives mixture of butanoic and acetic acids, whereas compound (B) gives hexa-1,6-dioic acid. What are (A) and (B)?
(A) $${CH}_{3}{CH}_{2}{CH}_{2}C\equiv C-{CH}_{3}$$
(B) given structure
Complete the given reactions:
Show the steps to carry out the following transformation:
Ethylbenzene $$\rightarrow$$ 2-phenyl propionic acid
Ethylbenzene $$\rightarrow$$ 2-phenyl propionic acid
-
Fill in the blanks :
Trimer of acetaldehyde has a structure ........... .
Complete the given reactions:
A ketone (A) which undergoes haloform reaction gives compound (B) on reduction. (B) on heating with $$H_2SO_4$$ gives compound (C), which forms monozonide (D). (D) on hydrolysis in the presence of Zn dust gives only acetaldehyde. Identify(A), (B) and (C).
Amongst o-hydroxybezaldehyde and p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde which is more soluble in water?
Write the intermediate steps for the following reaction:
$$C_{6}H_{5}CH(OH)C\equiv CH \xrightarrow {H_{3}O^{+}}C_{6}H_{5}CH = CHCHO$$.
-
Match the following
complete the reaction
Complete Reaction:
Complete the above:
Convert
Method for above conversion is
Name and complete the above reaction.
The above reaction is Benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement reaction.
Convert $$CH_3CHO$$ into $$CH_3CH(OH)COOH$$
Complete the above :
Complete the above :
Give the structure of products (A) & (B).
An organic compound $$(A) (C_5H_7OCl)$$ reacts rapidly with ethanol to give $$(B) (C_7H_{12}O_2).(A)$$ also reacts with water to produce an acid which reacts with bromine to give $$(C) (C_5H_8Br_2O_2). (B)$$ on boiling with $$H_2SO_4$$ forms an acid (D). When (D) is oxidised with $$KMnO_4,$$ an acid $$(E) (C_4H_6O_3)$$ is produced. On mild heating , (E) gives $$(F)(C_3H_6O)$$ which cannotb be oxidised by ammoniacal $$AgNO_3.$$ Identify the compounds (A) to (F).
Complete the following reaction::
$$2PhCHO + NH_2NH_2 \longrightarrow$$
Complete the above :
Complete the above:
Convert the following:
Ethyl bromide to propanoic acid
How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps ?
Benzaldehyde to $$\alpha- Hydroxyphenylacetic$$ acid
Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent, or products.
Aldehyde is oxidised to $$(COO^\circleddash)$$ by Tollens reagent.
Provide the structures of compounds A, B, C, and D in the above questions.
What would be the major product in the above reaction ?
Complete the above reactions with appropriate structures of products / reagents.
Write the products (s) in the following reactions:
(i) & (ii) - Refer Image(iii) $$CH_2 = CH - CH_2 - CN \xrightarrow[(b) H_2O]{(a) DIBAL-H}$$
(ii) Refer image. Decarboxylation takes place in presecne of $$NaOH$$ and $$CaO$$.
(iii) $$CH_2=CH-CH_2-CN\xrightarrow[H_3O^{\oplus}]{DIBAL-H}\,CH_2=CH-CH_2-\overset{O}{\overset{||}{C}}-H$$
DIBAL-H converts $$CN$$ to $$CHO$$ in presence of acid.
Write chemical reaction to affect the following transformations:
Benzyl alcohol to phenylethanoic acid
Write chemical reaction to affect the following transformations:
Butan $$-1-ol$$ to butanoic acid
Answer the following questions
Give reasons for the following:
Ethanal is more reactive than acetone towards nucleophilic addition reaction.
Complete the above, giving the structures of principal organic products.
i. It is an example of Witig reaction.
$$pK_3$$ of chloroacetic acid is lower than $$pK_3$$ of acetic acid. Explain.
A compound $$'X'(C_2H_4O)$$ on oxidation gives $$'Y'(C_2H_4O_2). 'X'$$ undergoes haloform reaction. On treatment with $$HCN\ 'X'$$ forms a product $$'Z$$ which on hydrolysis gives $$2-$$ hydroxy propanoic acid.
Write down structures of $$'X'$$ and $$'Y$$'.
Alkenes $$(> C = C <)$$ and carbonyl compounds $$(> C = 0)$$, both contain a $$\pi $$ bond but alkenes show electrophilic reactions whereas carbonyl compounds show nucleophilic addition reactions. Explain.
Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.
Tollens' reagent?
An organic compound $$A$$ on treatment with ethyl alcohol gives carboxylic acid $$B$$ and compound $$C$$. Hydrolysis of $$C$$ under acidic conditions given $$B$$ and $$D$$. Oxidation of $$D$$ with $$KMnO_{4}$$ also gives $$B$$, $$B$$ on heating with $$Ca(OH)_{2}$$ gives $$E$$ with molecular formula $$C_{3}H_{6}O$$. $$E$$ does not give Tollen test or reduce Fehling solution but forms $$2, 4-$$ dinitrophenyl hydrazone. Identify $$A, B, C, D, E$$.
Answer the following questions
How would you account for the following:
Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilies.
Answer the following questions
How would you account for the following:
The aldehydes and ketones undergo a number of addition reactions.
Answer the following questions
A ketone $$A$$ which undergoes haloform reaction gives compound $$B$$ on reduction. $$B$$ on heating with sulphuric acid gives compound $$C$$, which forms mono-ozonide $$D$$. The compound $$D$$ on hydrolysis in presence of zinc dust gives only acetaldehyde . Write the structures and $$IUPAC$$ names of $$A, B$$ and $$C$$ Write down the reactions involved.
Write chemical reaction to affect the following transformations:
Cyclohexene to hexane $$-1, 6-$$ dioic acid
An aldehyde as well as a ketone can be represented by the same molecular formula, say $$ C_{3}H_{6}O $$. Write their structures and name them. State the relation between the two in the language of science
These two compounds are called isomers. i.e., compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formula.
How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?
Benzaldehyde to a -Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
Predict the product of the following reactions:
Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent, or products.
Carboxylic acids contain carbonyl group but do not show the nucleophilic addition reaction like aldehydes or ketones. Why?
The partial positive charge on carbonyl carbon atom is reduced due to resonance.
Draw structural formula for each of the following compounds:
ethanal
What is used to describe these compounds taken together?
How will you covert:
Methonal to ethanoic acid
Write the following decreasing order of nucleophilic addition.
$$ CH_3CHO , CH_3COCH_3 , HCHO , C_2H_5 COCH_3 $$
How can ethanol be converted into ethanoic acid?
Draw the structural formula for each of the following compounds: "acetone"
This compound is called organic compound. (Ketone functional group)
Explain the following reactions and give equations also :
Addition product obtained by addition of alcohol to aldehydes and ketones
Addition product obtained by addition of alcohol to aldehydes and ketones:
Molecular formula of some compounds are given in the box.$$C_{2}H_{4}$$ , $$C_{6}H_{14}$$, $$CH_{3}-CH_{2}-Cl$$ , $$CH_{3}-COOH$$, $$ C_{6}H_{6}$$
Which compound can be used in food?
Arrange the following in decreasing ease of acid-catalysed esterification:
During acid-catalysed esterification, the nucleophilic attack of the alcohol $$(R'OH)$$ molecule occurs on the protonated carbonyl group of the acid $$(ArCOOH)$$ to give the tetrahedral intermediate as shown below:
Evidently, as the number of methyl groups at the o-position of the benzene ring increases, the carbonyl group becomes more and more sterically hindered. As a result, the rate of nucleophilic attack by ROH on the carbonyl group decreases and hence the rate of esterification decreases accordingly. Thus, the rate of esterification decreases in the order : benzoic acid $$> 2, 4$$-dimenthylbenzoic acid $$> 2, 4, 6 - $$ trimethyl benzoic acid.
Evidently, as the number of methyl groups at the o-position of the benzene ring increases, the carbonyl group becomes more and more sterically hindered. As a result, the rate of nucleophilic attack by ROH on the carbonyl group decreases and hence the rate of esterification decreases accordingly. Thus, the rate of esterification decreases in the order : benzoic acid $$> 2, 4$$-dimenthylbenzoic acid $$> 2, 4, 6 - $$ trimethyl benzoic acid.
Class 12 Engineering Chemistry Extra Questions
- Alcohols,Phenols And Ethers Extra Questions
- Aldehydes,Ketones And Carboxylic Acids Extra Questions
- Amines Extra Questions
- Biomolecules Extra Questions
- Chemical Kinetics Extra Questions
- Chemistry In Everyday Life Extra Questions
- Coordination Compounds Extra Questions
- Electrochemistry Extra Questions
- General Principles And Processes Of Isolation Of Elements Extra Questions
- Haloalkanes And Haloarenes Extra Questions
- Polymers Extra Questions
- Solutions Extra Questions
- Surface Chemistry Extra Questions
- The D-And F-Block Elements Extra Questions
- The P-Block Elements Extra Questions
- The Solid State Extra Questions