Class 12 Engineering Chemistry - Aldehydes,Ketones And Carboxylic Acids

The IUPAC name of succinic acid is Butane-1,4-dioic acid.
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The structure of succinic acid is shown:

Its IUPAC name is Butane-1,4-dioic acid.

Write chemical equations for the following conversions:
(i) Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid.
(ii) Benzyl chloride to 2-phenylethanamine.
(iii) Aniline to benzyl alcohol.

$(i)\ C_6H_5NO_2\xrightarrow{H_2/Pd}C_6H_5NH_2\xrightarrow{NaNO_2+HCl}C_6H_5N_2Cl\xrightarrow{KCN}C_6H_5CN\xrightarrow{H_3O^+}C_6H_5COOH$

$(ii)\ C_6H_5CH_2Cl\xrightarrow{Ethanolic\ NaCN}C_6H_5CH_2CN\xrightarrow{H_2/Ni}C_6H_5CH_2CH_2NH_2$

$(iii)\ C_6H_5NH_2\xrightarrow{NaNO_2+HCl}C_6H_5N_2Cl\xrightarrow{KCN}C_6H_5CN\xrightarrow{H_3O^+}C_6H_5COOH\xrightarrow{LiAlH_4}C_6H_5CH_2OH$

Give the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(a) Formaldehyde
(b) Acetone.

The structural formulae are as shown
(a) Formaldehyde has IUPAC name methanal. To name aldehydes the ending e of the name of parent hydrocarbon is replaced with suffix

$-al$ .
(b) Acetone has IUPAC name 2-propanone. To name ketones the ending e of the name of parent hydrocarbon is replaced with suffix

$-one$ . The position of carbonyl group is indicated with proper locant.

Why are aldehydes and ketones polar compounds?

Both aldehydes (

$R-CHO$ ) and ketones(

$RCOR'$ ) contain a

$C=O$ bond. Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon draws the electron density towards it which creates a slight positive charge over the less electronegative carbon atom and negative charge over the more electronegative oxygen atom. This creates a net dipole moment pointing from carbon towards oxygen and thus makes the compound polar.

Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid. Write the equation involve in the reaction.

$C{H_3}C{H_2}OH + \left[ O \right]\xrightarrow[{{H_2}S{O_4}}]{{N{a_2}C{r_2}{O_7}}}C{H_3}COOH + {H_2}O$

Many oxidizing agents like Jones reagent ,

$KMnO_4,\ Na_2Cr_2O_7$ are there which can oxidise primary alcohol to acids.

figure

1311721_1563054_ans_de04bcc3ada648608c0a8c87375b6b9e.PNG

Draw the structure of the simplest ketone.

Simplest ketone is propanane.

$H_3C - C - CH_3$

Modern Periodic Law :

It can be stated as "the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers . "

Write the structure of the principal organic product formed in the reaction of 1-propanol with each of the following reagents: (i) Potassium dichromate $(K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7})$ in adqueous sulfuric acid, heat

1379582_125067_ans_d575fd68a7b2456b96c1980b3d8b2659.jpg

What is the IUPAC name of succinic acid?

Therefore, the IUPAC name of Succinic acid is Butane

$-1,4-$ dioic acid.

How can the second compound be obtained from the first compound?

1129880_205899_ans_b7d09841968345d685fccbe1af2f9b84.png

Write the product of this reaction ?

Refer to image

Alkylic or benzylic alcohol can be readily oxidised under mild conditions. manganese dioxide

$MnO_2$ is a mild oxidising agent than selectively oxidised primary or secondary alcohol to form ketone

1128817_137499_ans_9f6be394460e4bfdae80d59da58ab0bb.PNG

Write the product of this reaction :

Refer to Image

1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane are claved by perodic acid

$(HIO_4)$ in to two carbonyl compounds the reaction is occurs via the formation of a cyclic periodic ester.

1138807_137532_ans_85de8f2d99d8458eb4cf24551b268c1a.PNG

Bring about the following transformation:
$Toluene \longrightarrow C_6H_5CH_2COOH$

1129830_204633_ans_697601dd6dc2480585219b3970ea6dea.png

What is the structure of $E$ ?

$HOOC-CH_2CH_2-CH_2\equiv C-CH_2-CH_2COOH\xrightarrow[4]{H^+/KMnO_4}HOOC-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-\overset{O}{\overset{||}{C}}-\underset{O}{\underset{||}{C}}-CH_2-CH_2-CH_2-COOH$

${KMnO}_{4}$ is an oxidising agent.Since product contain two adjacent ketone group .Hence reactant must contain alkyne.

$CH_3CHO\xrightarrow[\Delta]{SeO_2}$
What is the product of this reaction:

1138587_137554_ans_487e4b451bda43538b5682b97c53b6c1.png

A is an alkene. Identify the reactant $A$ in the above reaction.

A must be a terminal alkene,since product contain two carbon hence,a must have 3 carbon A is propane.

$CH_3-CH=CH_2\longrightarrow CH_3COOH$

Convert the above compound and note that $KMnO_4$ can cause cleavage of the ring in the presence of the activating (-OH) group.

${KMnO}_{4}$ is a very strong oxidizing agent, but it can only oxidise methyl group having

$\alpha -H$ attached to it.

(I) (II)
Convert I to II.

${KMnO}_{4}$ is best suitable reagent for conversion of alkyl benzene to corresponding carboxylic acid.
1171341_244298_ans_bfdd390bac88448b92a35440406e29f6.png

1171341_244298_ans_bfdd390bac88448b92a35440406e29f6.png

Propose structure/structures for the hydrocarbon that gives the following products on oxidative cleavage by $KMnO_4/H^\oplus$

$KMnO_4$ ( potassium permanganate) is a strong oxidizing agent that will oxidize the compound

$A$ .

1012015_248310_ans_fa9c996d8aba4f0293ac17e1496c9c6c.png

Identify $E$ in the above reaction.

1129972_249065_ans_5008642932ed44fdb0da6f2cfb9b1f4b.png

Complete the following.

It is an example of

$1,4$ addition reaction of

$HBr$ with

$\alpha , \beta -$ unsaturated ketone:
1175313_249831_ans_accdeaf54fa54833a788ca816dfc9803.png

Identify A, B, and C.
i) Isomeric alcohols (A), (B), and (C) $\displaystyle \left ( C_{5}H_{12}O \right )$ .
ii) (A) and (B) react with chromic acid solution. (B) gives an acid (D).
iii) Reactivity with HBr is: $\displaystyle C> A\gg B.$ All give the same compound, $\displaystyle C_{5}H_{11}Br\left ( E \right ).$
iv) Only (A) is oxidised by NaOI.

So, since

$(B)$ on oxidation gives acids since it is primary alcohal.

$(A)$ gives ketone upon oxidation since it is secondary, and also reduces

$NaOI$ (Haloform test) to give

${CHI}_{3}$ and corresponding acid, since

$(A)$ has

$\left( { CH }_{ 3 }-\overset { |OH }{ CH- } \right)$ group.

Identify (A) and (B) in the given sequence of reaction $PhCH_2CHO \overset{SeO_2}{\rightarrow}(A) \xrightarrow[(ii)H^+]{(i)con.OH^-}$ (B)

Phenylacetaldehyde reacts with selenium dioxide to produce phenylglyoxal. After treatment of water to form alcohol.
1171302_263483_ans_ab299956c62046249e9ee6a78da6313f.PNG

1171302_263483_ans_ab299956c62046249e9ee6a78da6313f.PNG

Draw the structure of the following compound:
4-Chloropentan-2-one

4-Chloropentan-2-one
1156944_251715_ans_983f2cb8fd844b7b83cfac6669b195c3.png

Draw the structures of following compounds:
p-Nitropropiophenone

1353017_251712_ans_0e5d5c32780e4607a146126b2cca15f2.png

Draw the structure of the following compound :

p,p'-Dihydroxybenzophenone

4,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone is an organic compound with the formula

$(HOC_6H_4)_2CO$ .

1157332_251717_ans_9c2d6993d9544d2c8176b9bc2942f6b9.JPG

Write structural formulae and names of four possiblealdol condensation products from propanal and butanal.III each case, indicate which aldehyde acts as nucleophile and which as electrophile.

Taking two molecules of propanal, one which acts as a nucleophile and the other as an electrophile.
1157389_256039_ans_1b1d54693a7345659120beb6a6baf5be.PNG

1157389_256039_ans_1b1d54693a7345659120beb6a6baf5be.PNG

Draw the structure of the following compound.
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one

Here the suffix is

$-one$ i.e. ketone is the main functional group at 2nd position and

$-en$ i.e. alkene (double bond) 3rd position while methyl group on 4th position and pent means parent chain should have 5 carbon atoms.

The structure of the compound 4-methyl pent-3-en-2-one is shown here.

1157104_251714_ans_84255298df51450e9d2b81eb4aa85d42.png

Complete the following reaction and write the structures of A to D.

1130049_263662_ans_76acf96d48374a5194ca10340bf339ca.png

Draw structures of the following derivatives.
(i) The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde
(ii) Cyclopropanone oxime
(iii) Acetaldehydedimethylacetal
(iv) The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone
(v) The ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one
(vi) The methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde

The required structures are as shown.

Ethyl alcohol to trichloroacetic acid

Ethyl alcohol

$( C_2H_5OH)$ is first oxidized with alkaline

$KMnO_4$ to give

$CH_3COOH$ .

$CH_3CH_2OH + [O] \overset{Alkaline\ KMnO_4}{\rightarrow} CH_3COOH + H_2O$
Acetic acid formed is then treated with

$Cl_2$ which displaces all 3 hydrogens of methyl group of acid resulting in the formation of trichloroacetic acid.

$CH_3COOH \overset {Cl_2,\ P}{\rightarrow} CCl_3-COOH$

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom:
(i) Methyl benzoate (ii) m-Nitrobenzoic acid
(iii) p-Nitrobenzoic acid (iv) Phenylacetic acid
(v) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde.

The preparation of compounds is as shown.

What are ambident nucleophiles? Explain with an example

The nucleophiles that can attack through two different sites are known as ambident nucleophiles.
For example, cyanide ion is an ambident nucleophile. It can attack through either C atom or N atom to form alkyl cyanide or alkyl isocyanide.

Write the main product(s) in each of the following reactions:
(i) $CH_3 -\!\!\!\underset{\,\,CH_3}{\underset{|}{ \overset{\quad CH_3}{\overset{|}{C}}} \!\!\!-}\, O - CH_3 - HI \to$
(ii) $CH_3 - CH = CH_2 \xrightarrow[(ii)\, 3H_2O_2/OH^-]{(i)\, B_2H_6}$
(iii) $C_6H_5 - OH \xrightarrow[(ii)\, CO_2, H^+]{(i)\, aq.NaOH}$

1130068_471857_ans_73d49b5a2c48463195645a527201580b.png

Write the IUPAC name of the compound :

$\begin{matrix} C{ H }_{ 3 }- & CH & -C{ H }_{ 2 }- & C & -C{ H }_{ 3 } \\ & | & & || & \\ & OH & & O & \end{matrix}$

The correct IUPAC name is

$4-hydroxypentan-2-one$ .
The parent compound contains

$5$ carbon atoms. Hence, it is a derivative of pentane. The carbonyl group is present on second carbon atom. Hence, it is named

$pentan-2-one$ . The last alphabate 'e' of pentane is replaced with word

$-2-one$ . A hydroxyl group is present as a substituent on fourth carbon atom and is named as prefix.

Name the reagents used in the following reactions:
(i) $C{ H }_{ 3 }-CO-C{ H }_{ 3 }\xrightarrow { \quad \quad ?\quad \quad } \begin{matrix} & & C{ H }_{ 3 } & & \\ & & | & & \\ C{ H }_{ 3 } & - & C & - & C{ H }_{ 3 } \\ & & | & & \\ & & OH & & \end{matrix}$
(ii) $C{ H }_{ 3 }-COOH\xrightarrow { \quad \quad ?\quad \quad } ClC{ H }_{ 2 }-COOH$

1130072_493130_ans_43b0d5abe5494f4ebcd634dbac886633.png

Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions: ethanol, propanal, propanone, butanone.

Positive inductive effect (+I groups) increases the electron density on carbonyl carbon which leads to the generation of carbocation which favours nucleophilic addition (so more the +I group more will be the ability of formation of carbocation so more is the ease to under go nucleophilic addition reaction).
So, from ethanal to butanone, +I effect increase due to bulky carbon chain so the order of nucleophilicity is

$Ethanal>propanal>propanaone>Butanone$ .

Predict the products of the following reactions.
(i) $\displaystyle CH_{3}-C=O\xrightarrow{H_{2}N-NH_{2}}$
|
$CH_{3}$
(ii) $\displaystyle C_{6}H_{5}-CH_{3}\xrightarrow[(b)H^{+}]{(a)KMnO_{4}/KOH}$

(iii) $Ph-COOH \xrightarrow {Br_2/FeBr_3}$

Why do aldehydes and ketones have high dipole moments?

Aldehydes and ketones have high dipole moments due to the presence of oxygen atom in them that is highly electronegative. Also the bond length of carbon-oxygen double bond in the carbonyl group is lesser than the carbon-oxygen single bond in alcohols, ethers, etc leading to more polarity in the carbonyl group.

How can the following conversation be brought about:
Propanoic acid to ethylamine.

$\underset {propanoic\ acid}{CH_{3}CH_{2}.COOH} + NH_{3} \rightarrow CH_{3}CH_{2}COONH_{4}\underset {-H_{2}O}{\xrightarrow {\Delta}}CH_{2}CH_{2}CONH_{2}$

$\underset {\Delta}{\xrightarrow {Br_{2} + 4NaOH}} \underset {ethyl\ amine}{CH_{3}CH_{2}NH_{2}} + Na_{2}CO_{3} + 2NaBr + 2H_{2}O$

$\pi$ bonds are formed by the _ overlap of _ orbitals.

$\pi$ bonds are formed by the sidewise or lateral overlapping of p orbitals. Where, as

$\sigma$ bonds are formed by axial overlapping of molecular orbitals.

Give the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the following compounds
(a) Malonic acid
(b) Succinic acid.

The structural formulae are as shown
(a) Malonic acid has IUPAC name 1,4-butanedioc acid.
(b) Succinic acid has IUPAC name 1,3-propanedioc acid.
To name dicarboxylic acids suffix dioc acid is added to the name of parent hydrocarbon. The position of carboxylic groups is indicated with proper locants.

How are the following compounds prepared?
Benzaldehyde from benzoyl chloride.

The preparation of benzaldehyde from benzoyl chloride is as follows

How is 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one obtained from propan-e-one?

The steps involved in the preparation of 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one from propan-2-one are as above.

State the IUPAC names of the following compounds :
(i) $C{H}_{3} - C{H}_{2} - C{H}_{2} - OH$
(ii) $HCOOH$
(iii) $C{H}_{3} - C{H}_{2} - CH = C{H}_{2}$ .

3 carbon atoms with alcohol group so, 1-Propanol.
1 carbon atom with carboxylic group so, Methanoic acid.
4 carbon atoms with an alkene unit so, 1-Butene.

Look at the picture and identify what happens. Support your answer with equations.
How is B formed from A?

Carboxylic acids are prepared by oxidation of Alcohols using acidic, alkaline or neutral potassium permanganate or potassium dichromate and chromium trioxide in acidic media.
1019784_622985_ans_fc068456fe504b5fb672f55c4a3d4109.PNG

1019784_622985_ans_fc068456fe504b5fb672f55c4a3d4109.PNG

Mention the hybridised state of carbonyl carbon atom.

This is the structure of carbonyl carbon where the carbon is attached with one double bond with oxygen and two single bonds.
If a carbon is attached with all single bonds it is

$sp^{3}$ hybridized.
If a carbon is attached with one double bond it is

$sp^{2}$ hybridized.
If a carbon is attached with one triple bond or two double bonds it is

$sp$ hybridized.
Hence, the carbonyl carbon is

$sp^{2}$ hybridized.

How will you bring out the following conversion :
(i) Acetyl chloride to Acetaldehyde
(ii) Methanal to Ethanal.

How will you bring out the following conversion :
(i) Acetylchloride to acetaldehyde :

Rosenmund's reaction:

$\displaystyle H_2$ gas is passed through a boiling solution of acetyl chloride in xylene in the presence of

$\displaystyle Pd$ catalyst supported by

$\displaystyle BaSO_4$ . The catalyst is poisoned by sulphur or quinoline. This avoids further reduction of acetaldehyde to ethyl alcohol

$\displaystyle CH_3-\underset { \displaystyle \underset { \displaystyle O}{||}}{C}-Cl \xrightarrow [sulphur]{Pd/BaSO_4} CH_3-\underset { \displaystyle \underset { \displaystyle O}{||}}{C}-H+HCl$

(ii)

$\displaystyle Methanal$ to

$\displaystyle Ethanal$ .

$\displaystyle Methanal$ reacts with

$\displaystyle methyl \: magnesium \: bromide$ followed by acid hydrolysis to form

$\displaystyle ethanol$ . Controlled oxidation gives

$\displaystyle ethanal$

Identify the substance underlined, in each of the following cases:
An organic compound containing - $COOH$ functional group.

An organic compound containing -

$COOH$ functional group is a carboxylic acid. -

$COOH$ functional group is called carboxylic group.
An example includes acetic acid

$CH_3-COOH$ .
Another example includes benzoic acid

$C_6H_5-COOH$ .

What is the IUPAC name of the compound?

First numbering will occur from

$-COOH$ substituted carbon, then second numbering to methyl substituted carbon.

$2-methyl-cyclopentanoic$

$acid$

What is the action of the following reagent on ethanoic acid?
$LiAlH_4/H_3O^+$ .

Lithium aluminum hydride reduces ethanoic acid (acetic acid) to ethanol.

$\displaystyle \underset { \displaystyle \text { ethanoic acid } }{ CH_3-COOH } \xrightarrow [2) \ H_3O^+] {1) \ LiAlH_4, \ \text {ether}} \underset { \displaystyle \text { ethanol } }{ CH_3-CH_2-OH }$

Find the number of compounds from the list below that will be oxidised by Tollens reagent (Ammonical silver nitrate solution)
$\displaystyle { H }_{ 3 }C-CHO\quad { H }_{ 3 }C-\overset { \overset { O }{ \parallel } }{ C } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\quad { H }_{ 3 }\underset { \underset { OH }{ | } }{ C } -\overset { \overset { O }{ \parallel } }{ C } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\\ { { H }_{ 3 }C }-{ CH }_{ 2 }C\equiv { CH }\quad { { H }_{ 3 }C-C\equiv C }-{ CH }_{ 3 }\quad Fructose$

$CH_3-CHO$

$CH_3-CH_2-C\equiv CH$

$Fructose$

Only these three give positive Tollen's test.

How do you convert the following?

Toluene to Benzoic acid.

Toluene is oxidized with alkaline

$KMnO_4$ followed by acidification to form benzoic acid. Other oxidising agents that can be used are acidic

$KMnO_4$ , acidic

$K_2Cr_2O_7$ and dil

$HNO_3$ etc.

How are the following conversions carried out?
$2 - methylbutan-1-01$ into $2-methylbutanoic\ acid$ .

ohn's reagent convert

$1^{\circ}$ alcohol to carboxylic acid while

$2^{\circ}$ alcohol to ketone.
1171438_854706_ans_a0de22dbbf304706b88de555b8a210bc.PNG

Find the final product of the reaction.

1442758_880034_ans_24167325eb1145b9a00747626534b0b6.png

Identify the organic compound : $HOOC-(CH_2)_2 -COOH$

The given compound is:

Succinic acid or Butane-1,4-dioic acid.

It is a dicarboxylic acid.

1174985_877082_ans_0b11ca3c8d944cdb8a3cdaea56c597a7.PNG

Ketones can also be used as one component in the :

1443642_879460_ans_348355b991154f53abf0b632dfcbe138.png

Give the IUPAC name of the given compound.

The given compound contains 11 carbon atom in the parent chain along with three ketonic groups at carbon number 2, 5, 10 respectively.

Also, the ethyl group and methyl group is also attached to the parent chain at carbon number 9 and 3.

Thus, IUPAC name of the compound will be:

9 - ethyl - 3 - methylundecane - 2, 5, 10 - trione

Which aldehyde smell like bitter almond?

Benzenaldehyde smell like bitter almond.it used in perfmues.
971980_1026293_ans_1c036cd9ebbd4a64b8d22ce6ce9a2228.PNG

Isopropyl alcohol convert into isobuteryic acid.

1432019_1027331_ans_b0de7d61207d42acb2fed16892a22dd9.png

Find:

$\beta$ keto acids undergoes decarboxylation very rapidly when little heating is done.

The product formed is Luccinnic acid.

1174654_1004282_ans_cc7d2f7fecb747d69259770ce74c595c.png

In the reaction sequence, $[X]$ is:
$[X]\overset{KMnO_4/\overset{\ominus}{O}H}{\rightarrow} HOOC-(CH_2)_3-\overset{CH_3}{\overset{|}{C}}-H-COOH$ .

$KMnO_4$ in alkaline solution is a weak oxidizing agent. It can oxidize aldehyde to carboxylic acidonly.

Therefore,

$OHC-{(CH_2)}_3-\overset{\overset{CH_3}{|}}{\underset{H}{\underset{|}{C}}}-CHO\xrightarrow{KMnO_4/OH^-}HOOC-{(CH_2)}_3-\overset{\overset{CH_3}{|}}{\underset{H}{\underset{|}{C}}}-COOH$

$\quad\quad [X]$

Therefore,

$[X]$ is

$OHC-{(CH_2)}_3-\overset{\overset{CH_3}{|}}{\underset{H}{\underset{|}{C}}}-CHO$

How will you convert Benzene to Benzoic acid?

$\underset{benzene}{C_6H_6} \xrightarrow[CH_3Cl]{AlCl_3} C_6H_5-CH_3 \xrightarrow{KMnO_4}\underset{benzoic\ acid}{C_6H_5COOH}$

Benzene can be coverted into benzeoic acid by first converting it into tolene by Freidel Craft's alkylation reaction.

The toluene is then oxidized in presence of oxidizing agent like potassium permanganate to form benzoic acid as a product.

Identify A and B

Solution:-

$C{H}_{3}COOH \xrightarrow{Ag} \underset{\left( A \right)}{C{H}_{3}COO Ag} \xrightarrow{{C}_{2}{H}_{5}Br} \underset{\left( B \right)}{C{H}_{3}COO{C}_{2}{H}_{5}} + AgBr$

Hence the product

$A$ and

$B$ are silver acetate and ethyl acetate.

Write any two uses of $40$ % solution of formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde with 40% solution in water forms formalin. Formalin helps in the preservation of biological specimens.
Formalin is also used as an antiseptic in sterilising surgical instruments.

$CH_3CH_2OH \xrightarrow {O} CH_3CHO \xrightarrow {O} CH_3COOH$
Give the oxidizing agent in the given reactions.

First oxidation is done by using Weak Reducing Agent such as PCC, DMP, Suren etc.

Second oxidation is done by using

$KMnO^{-}_{4}, CrO_3/H^+,H_2Cr_2O_4$ etc.

Write the structure of a nitrolic acid.

Nitrolic acid are organic compounds with functional group RC (

$NO_2$ )=NOH

They are mostly laboratory curiosities.

1172883_1073379_ans_5a659396fbc3426696f0eb88588edbda.PNG

Identify the organic compound $A$ which is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular formula $C_{2}H_{4}O_{2}$ . This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet-smelling compound $B$ .

The compound

$A$ is ethanoic acid or vinegar, i.e,

$CH_3COOH$ .

It reacts with ethanol to form a sweet-smelling compound

$B$ -

$CH_3COOH + C_2H_5OH \longrightarrow CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O$

$A$

$B$

The compound B is

$ethyl\ ethanoate$ or

$ethyl\ acetate$ .

Also, the compound

$A$ is

$ethanoic\ acid.$

How will you convert $4$ -nitrotoulene to $2$ -bromobenzoic acid?

The catalysts used in the conversion are Sn,

$H_3PO_2$ and

$KMnO_4$ . The

$KMnO_4$ is strong oxidizing agent and is used to oxidize

$-CH_3$ to

$-COOH$

1101665_1094982_ans_487daea8afb74879a582c8db6b275420.jpg

Based on $pK_a$ values the order of decreasing acidity of carboxylic acid molecules containing EWG must be?
$CF_3COOH, \; CCl_3COOH, \; HCCl_2COOH, \; NO_2CH_2COOH, \; FCH_2COOH, \\ ClCH_2COOH, \; BrCH_2COOH, \; HCOOH, \; ClCH_2CH_2COOH, \; C_6H_5COOH, \; \\ C_6H_5CH_2COOH, \; CH_3COOH, \; CH_3CH_2COOH$ .

Order of decreasing acidity of given compounds based on

$pK_a$ :

$CF_3COOH >HCF_2COOH>CFH_2COOH>NO_2CH_2COOH> CCl_3COOH>HCCl_2COOH>H_2CClCOOH>\\H_2CBrCOOH>C_6H_5COOH>C_6H_5CH_2COOH>HCOOH>CH_3COOH>CH_3CH_2COOH.$

Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon compounds having functional group $-COOH$ .

The first member of the carbon compounds having functional group

$-COOH$ is methanoic acid as shown above.
1175625_1105945_ans_dc85d2d316984897a924bcdbb4f730f5.PNG

Write the structures of aldehydes that are obtained on ozonolysis of (i) but-1-ene and (ii) but-2-ene.

Ozonolysis of but-1-ene

$CH_2=CH-CH_2-CH_3 \,+\, O_3 = CH_3-OH \,+\, CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-OH$

Ozonolysis of but-2-ene

$CH_3-CH=CH-CH_3 \,+\, O_3 = 2CH_3-CHO(Ethanal)$

Name the product obtained when alcohol is added to a carbonyl group in presence of dry ${HCl}$

When product obtained when alcohol is added to a carbonyl group in presence of dry

$HCl$ a hemiacetal is formed.
1311335_1146154_ans_22b19120030f44ea89a6d735bc44247a.PNG

Hydrocarbon $'A'({C}_{4}{H}_{8})$ on reaction with $HCl$ gives a compound $'B'({C}_{4}{H}_{9}Cl)$ , which on reaction with $1mol$ of ${NH}_{3}$ gives compound $'C'({C}_{4}{H}_{11}N)$ . On reacting with $Na{NO}_{2}$ and $HCl$ followed by treatment with water. the compound $C$ yields an optically active alcohol, $'D'$ . Ozonolysis of $'A'$ gives $2$ mol of acetaldehyde. Identify compound $'D'$ .

$A\xrightarrow[]{Ozonolysis} 2CH_3CHO$

$C_4H_9\xrightarrow[]{HCl}C_4H_9Cl\\(A)\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad (B)$

Addition reaction,

$A$ is alkene.

$C_4H_9Cl\xrightarrow[]{NH_3}C_4H_{11}N\\ \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad (C)$

$-Cl$ is substituted by

$NH_2$

$[C]\quad \xrightarrow[H_2O]{NaNO_2/HCl}\quad [D]$

$\Longrightarrow[C]$ is an aliphatic amine. Number of carbon atoms in amine is same as in compound

$A$

Since,

$A\longrightarrow CH_3-CH=O+O=CH-CH_3$ on ozonolysis,

$A$ is

$CH_3-CH=CH-CH_3(A)\\\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \downarrow HCl\\CH_3-CH_2-\underset{Cl}{\underset{|}{CH}}-CH_3(B)\\ \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \downarrow NH_3\\ CH_3-CH_2-\underset{NH_2}{\underset{|}{CH}}-CH_3(C)\\ \quad\quad\quad\quad\quad \downarrow NaNO_3/HCl/H_2O\\ CH_3-CH-OH\\\quad\quad\quad\quad |\\ \quad\quad\quad CH_2-CH_3(D) \text{ optically active}$

Which product is formed ?

The reagent is an oxidizing agent.

It converts primary alcohol to corressponding acid..

1017761_1147265_ans_7c60b8bb70ab4223a4c0fc94ab0a83ed.png

Convert : Ethentrityl $\rightarrow$ Ethanol

$CH_{ _{ 3 } }-C\xrightarrow [ hydrolysis ]{ H_{ 3 }O^{ + } } CH_{ 3 }-COOH\\ ethanenitrile\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \displaystyle\downarrow \frac { reduction }{ BH_3 }$

How is propanone converted into-

(i) Propan - 2 - ol
(ii) 2 - Methylpropan - 2 - ol?

1) Propanone to Propan -2-ol

$CH_3-\overset{\overset{O}{||}}{C}-CH_3 \xrightarrow [H^+,H_2O ]{ LiALH_4,THF }\,CH_3-\overset{\overset{OH}{|}}{CH}-CH_3$

2) Propanone to 2-methylpropon 2-ol.

$CH_3-\overset{\overset{O}{||}}{C}-CH_3\,\, \xrightarrow { CH_3MgBr } -CH_3-\overset{\overset{\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ OMgBr}{|}}{\underset{\ \ \ \ \ CH_3}{\underset{|}{C}}}-CH_3 \xrightarrow [H^+]{H_2O}\,CH_3-\overset{\overset{\ \ \ OH}{|}}{\underset{\ \ \ \ \ CH_3}{\underset{|}{C}}}-CH_3$

Complete the reaction :

$CrO_3$ is an oxidising agent which oxides the primary alcohol into acid, and secondary alcohol into ketone and does not rest with tertiary alcohol.
1175128_1174778_ans_acb3dba59d6845109f9db3a5fbfca5ec.png

1175128_1174778_ans_acb3dba59d6845109f9db3a5fbfca5ec.png

What is the action of acidified potassium dichromate on acetaldehyde?

Aldenudes can be oxidised to carboxylic acids.

Acidified potassium dichromatc

$(VI)$ is a suita

Oxidising agent and the reaction is normally carried out under reflex.

1361705_1185501_ans_2f356ad7f2904eb6b5b2b19a64bb97ba.png

$NH_3$ and its derivative do not show nucleophillic addition reactions with aldehydes and ketone in high acidic medium. Justify.

Generally, weak acids are used as catalysts in the addition reaction of aldehydes and ketones with ammonia and its derivatives.

In high acidic medium, ammonia derivative will form their respective salts due to their basic nature and at the same time will lose their nucleophilic nature and hence will not show nucleophilic addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones in high acidic medium.

Write the structures of the products of the given reaction:
$CH_3-CH_2-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}CH_CHO\xrightarrow{NaBH_4}$

1284521_1370458_ans_7be679b608c44c9ca97b1bc44e161304.png

Image

1285750_1376040_ans_f81046e6eafc41dfa662efdcaf97bb48.jpg

Aldehydes are more reactive toward nucleophillic addition reactions than ketones. Justify.

Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions due to steric and electronic reasons.

Sterically, the presence of two relatively large substituents in ketones hinders the approach of nucleophile to carbonyl carbon than in aldehydes having only one such substituent.

Electronically, two alkyl groups reduce the electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon more effectively in ketones than in aldehyde.

Hence Aldehydes are more reactive toward nucleophilic addition reactions than Ketones.

Arrange the following compounds according to increasing order of their reactivity.
acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzophenone

1311372_1392191_ans_506770607b5943288575a021ae340fe2.PNG

State what is formed when the compound is treated with $H_2SO_4$ , heat?

1359867_1579095_ans_4405e4c8266a47c0a615cc427e14144c.png

Conversion of acetic acid to acetone

1358200_1579979_ans_919a97e832c345659bef4b7f7f611c28.jpg

Write structures of the products of the following reactions:
(i) $CH_3-CH=CH_2 \xrightarrow []{H_2O/H}$
(iii) $CH_3-CH_2-\underset { |\\ CH_3 }{ CH } -CHO \xrightarrow []{NaBH_4}$

1311347_1560443_ans_071340f68937456fb9c654735f513358.PNG

Classify the following compounds as acetals, ketals, hemiacetals and hemiketals.

1311369_1562626_ans_b6bccb7b3e0141aca59ea69706584088.PNG

State whether the following statement is True or False:
Formic acid is not the typical acid of the monocarboxylic acid series.

true

State whether the following statement is True or False:
The IUPAC name of acetic acid is methanoic acid.

false ethnoic acid

Write the final product in the given reaction:

this is final product
1622088_1719048_ans_d0dc9e596eaf44c6b42f861ca1f965b8.png

State whether the following statement is True or False:
Monocarboxylic acids are called fatty acids

true

Fill in the blanks:
Propionic acid and ethyl formate are _____ isomers.

functional

Fill in the blanks:
Acid hydrolysis of alkyl nitriles gives ______

Carboxylic acid

Complete the following equations by writing the missing (A), (B), (C), (D) etc
$\underset { Ethylene }{ { H }_{ 2 }C } \xrightarrow [ ]{ HBr } (A)\xrightarrow [ ]{ KCN } (B)\xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 }O/{ H }^{ + } } (C)$

(A)

${CH}_{3}{CH}_{2}Br$ (B)

${CH}_{3}{CH}_{2}CN$ (C)

${CH}_{3}{CH}_{2}COOH$

How will you synthesise?
Crotonic acid from acetaldehyde

$2{ CH }_{ 3 }CO\xrightarrow [ ]{ dil.NaOH } { CH }_{ 3 }CHOH{ CH }_{ 2 }CHO\xrightarrow [ ]{ Heat } { CH }_{ 3 }CH=CHCHO\xrightarrow [ ]{ Ag{ NO }_{ 3 } } { CH }_{ 3 }CH=CHCOOH$

Answer the following:
Why the $C=O$ in $RCOOH$ is less reactive towards nucleophiles than in aldehydes and ketones?

$RCOOH$ there is less positive charge on a carbon atom of the

$C=O$ group. thus, this carbon is less electrophilic in

$RCOOH$ in comparison to aldehydes and ketones and so is less reactive towards nucleophiles.
1622389_1719614_ans_0272b9a07f64451f999199ac348a4b54.png

1622389_1719614_ans_0272b9a07f64451f999199ac348a4b54.png

How will you synthesise?
$\alpha$ - Hydroxy propionic acid from acetaldehyde

${ CH }_{ 3 }CHO\xrightarrow [ ]{ HCN } { CH }_{ 3 }CH(OH)CN\xrightarrow [ { H }^{ + } ]{ { H }_{ 2 }O } { CH }_{ 3 }CHOHCOOH$

How will you synthesise?
Acetamide from acetone

${ CH }_{ 3 }CO{ CH }_{ 3 }\xrightarrow [ NaOH ]{ { I }_{ 2 } } { CH }_{ 3 }COONa\xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }^{ + } } { CH }_{ 3 }COOH\xrightarrow [ ]{ { NH }_{ 3 } } { CH }_{ 3 }CO{ ONH }_{ 4 }\xrightarrow [ ]{ Heat } { CH }_{ 3 }CO{ NH }_{ 2 }$

Give the common and IUPAC names of the dicarboxylic acids, $HOOC{({CH}_{2})}_{n}COOH, n=0,1,2,3,4,5$

FormulaCommon nameIUPAC name

$HOOC-COOH$ Oxalic acidEthane-1,2-dioic acid

$HOOC-{CH}_{2}COOH$ Malonic acidPropane-1,4-dioic acid

$HCCO{CH}_{2}{CH}_{2}COOH$ Succinic acidButane-1,4-dioic acid

$HOOC{({CH}_{2})}_{3}COOH$ Glutaric acidPentane-1,5-dioic acid

$HOOC{({CH}_{2})}_{4}COOH$ Adipic acidHexane-1,6-dioic acid

$HOOC{({CH}_{2})}_{5}COOH$ Pimelic acidHeptane-1,7-dioic acid

Complete the following equations by writing the missing (A), (B), (C), (D) etc
$\underset { Ethyl\quad alcohol }{ { C }_{ 2 }{ H }_{ 5 } } \xrightarrow [ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } ]{ { Na }_{ 2 }{ Cr }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 7 } } (A)\xrightarrow [ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } ]{ { Na }_{ 2 }{ Cr }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 7 } } (B)\xrightarrow [ ]{ NaH{ CO }_{ 3 } } (C)\xrightarrow [ ]{ soda\quad lime } (D)$

(A)

$Cl{CH}_{2}COOH$ (B)

$NC{CH}_{2}COOH$ (C)

${CH}_{2}{(COOH)}_{2}$ (malonic acid)

Give the structural formula, common names and IUPAC names for the first six straight-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids.

Formula	Common name	IUPAC name
$HCOOH$	Formic acid	Methanoic acid
${CH}_{3}COOH$	Acetic acid	Ethanoic acid
${CH}_{3}{CH}_{2}COOH$	Propionoic acid	Propanoic acid
${CH}_{3}{ CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 2 }COOH$	Butyric acid	Butanoic acid
${CH}_{3}{ CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 2 }COOH$	Valeric acid	Pentanoic acid
${CH}_{3}{ CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 2 }{ CH }_{ 2 }COOH$	Caproic acid	Hexanoic acid

Complete the following equations by writing the missing (A), (B), (C), (D) etc
${ CH }_{ 3 }CHO\xrightarrow [ ]{ HCN } (A)\xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 }O/{ H }^{ + } } (B)\xrightarrow [ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } ]{ K_{ 2 }{ Cr }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 7 } } (C)$

(A)

${CH}_{3}CH(OH)CN$ ; (B)

${CH}_{3}CHOHCOOH$ ; (C)

${CH}_{3}COCOOH$ (pyruvic acid)

Complete the given reactions:

chelation

1622541_1720596_ans_2d0924254ed04961967fe0f2ec72d998.png

Complete the given reactions:

1558942_1720466_ans_6864d8583093414cab6e730fe1fde2ce.jpeg

Fill in the blanks :
The carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones undergoes ........... addition reactions.

1653844_1720586_ans_93027777289245dd99e0c9ab548fc0e0.jpg

Identify (A) to (F) in the given series of reaction:

A and F is given
1622480_1720538_ans_a92996ec0f4949abb151338a86665ccf.png

What are (A) and (B) in the given reaction?

1622483_1720539_ans_02982eb59c2f49bf87d760af3038e317.png

Complete the given reaction:

here the answer
1622635_1720607_ans_e833c454efe44634a1fe0a9407384eac.png

Give the mechansim of :

1655134_1721001_ans_2aba841013084980be063a3da30eac2e.jpeg

Give the mechanism of :
(i) addition of HCN to acetaldehyde

1622790_1720972_ans_a47cf628116f431581d32c4a0503eb3e.png

Identify the (A), (B), in the following reactions sequence:
$(CH_3)_2C+O +C_6H_5NH_2 \xrightarrow {H^+ } (A) \xrightarrow [Heat] { H_3O^+} (B)$

1622767_1720819_ans_091aa34bf7d242ba9ff24c2aed3da4e4.png

Identify the (A), (B), (C) and in the following reactions sequence:

1622761_1720799_ans_e5efff54c7de42cdbcd32d3f1d33948d.png

Give the mechansim of :
(ii) Addition of HCN to acetone

1653720_1720975_ans_99438f4f9cdc4bdcbd0639541d4bef02.jpg

Identify the unknown compounds:

$C_{6}H_{5}C\equiv CH \xrightarrow {NaNH_{2}, MeI} (A) \xrightarrow {Na/NH_{3}(l)} (B)$ .

1545620_1722123_ans_6f61ddf39ddd442492e6b41226dfca46.jpg

Identify the final product in the above reaction.

1722238_1721579_ans_dcefb55b85c144199f4deb669f2613d2.png

Name the final product of the following reaction:
Phenol is treated with nitric acid in the presence of $H_{2}SO_{4}$ .

With concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid, phenol is converted to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. The product is commonly known as picric acid.
1610334_1721628_ans_f592ab7454dd42298a8f51e0106267b3.PNG

1610334_1721628_ans_f592ab7454dd42298a8f51e0106267b3.PNG

Complete the following equations:
$C_{6}H_{5}CH_{3}\xrightarrow {Air/ V_{2}O_{5}}$ .

$C_{6}H_{5}CH_{3} + \dfrac {3}{2} O_{2} \xrightarrow {V_{2}O_{5}} \underset {Benzoic\ acid}{C_{6}H_{5}COOH} + H_{2}O$ .

How will you obtain?
Adipic acid from benzene.

$C_{6}H_{6} \xrightarrow {H_{2}/Pd} \underset {Cyclohexane}{C_{6}H_{12}}\underset {hv}{\xrightarrow {Cl_{2}}}\underset {Chlorocyclohexane}{C_{6}H_{11}Cl} \xrightarrow {Alc.KOH} \underset {Cyclohexene}{C_{6}H_{10}} \underset {H^{+}}{\xrightarrow {KMnO_{4}}} \underset {Adipic\ Acid}{HOOC(CH_{2})_{4}COOH}$ .

Identify the unknown compounds:

(A)

$C_{6}H_{5}CN$ ; (B)

$C_{6}H_{5}COOH$ .

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene?
Benzene sulphonic acid.

1737218_1722256_ans_019b9aee82a144fca02826b9793b4bdd.png

Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of $HCOOH$ .

Next member of the homologous series is differed by

$-CH_2$ unit.

The structural formula of one homologue of

$HCOOH$ is Ethanoic acid :

$CH_{3}COOH$ .

(a) When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then a salt $X$ is formed and a gas $Y$ is evolved. Name the salt $X$ and gas $Y$ . Describe an activity with the help of a labeled diagram of the apparatus used to prove that the evolved gas is the one you have named. Also, write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
(b) Give any two uses of ethanoic acid.

(a) Salt

$X$ is sodium ethanoate,

$CH_{3}COONa$ and gas

$Y$ is carbon dioxide,

$CO_{2}.$

Activity: Take a boiling tube and put about

$0.5\ g$ of sodium carbonate in it. Add

$2\ ml$ of dilute ethanoic acid to the boiling tube (through a thistle funnel). We will observe that a brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas is produced. Let us pass this gas through lime water taken in a test tube. We will find that lime water turns milky. Only carbon dioxide gas can turn lime water milky. So, this experiment proves that when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate, then carbon dioxide gas is evolved.

Reaction:

$CH_3COOH+NaHCO_3\to CH_3COONa+CO_2+H_2O$

Gas with lime water:

$CO_2+Ca(OH)_2\to CaCO_3+H_2O$

(b) Any two uses of ethanoic acid are:

(i) Dilute ethanoic acid (in the form of vinegar) is used as a food preservative in the preparation of pickles and sauces.

(ii) It is used in the manufacture of acetone and esters used in perfumes.

1574406_1750935_ans_2178f4e3400d4bb6920519c6370d3e1c.png

Write the formulae of : (a) methanoic acid; and (b) ethanoic acid.

(a) Methanoic acid:

$HCOOH$
(b) Ethanoic acid:

$CH_{3}COOH$ .

(a) What would be observed on adding a $5\%$ alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol in a test-tube? Write the name of the compound formed during the chemical reaction. Also write chemical equation of the reaction which takes place.
(b) How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of a chemical property?

(a) On adding

$5\%$ alkaline potassium permanganate solution drop by drop to some warm ethanol, we would observe that the purple color of potassium permanganate starts disappearing. The product formed by this process is ethanoic acid and it can turn litmus red.

$CH_{3}CH_{2}OH + 2[O] \underset {or\ acidified\ K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}}{\xrightarrow {Alkaline\ KMnO_{4}; Heat}} CH_{3}COOH + H_{2}O$

(b) A carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to give brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide gas but an alcohol does not react with sodium hydrogencarbonate.

Provide the structures of compounds A, B, C, and D in the above questions.

1824381_1767850_ans_12b3d7746f8a449fb94fcce5f19e64a5.png

Write the IUPAC names of following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give common names also.
$Ph - CH = CH - CHO$

IUPAC name -

$3 Phenyl \,prop-2-en-1-al$
Common name -

$\beta-phenyl$ acrolein or

$\beta-phenyl$ acrylaldehyde

Complete the above :

1790294_1767605_ans_ff39a2f9f6484a3bb5c37e555513a3c4.png

Write the IUPAC names of following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give common names also.
$CH_3(CH_2)_5CHO$

IUPAC name -

$Heptanal$

Write the structure of $2-$ hydroxybenzaldehyde.

1648246_1780654_ans_172663c063b04682a1747736623eacc7.png

Name the reagents used in the following reaction:

Oxidation of primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.

Acidified potassium dichromate or neutral, acidic, or alkaline potassium permanganate.

Give the formula of the following functional groups
(a) Aldehyde
(b) Ketone

$R- CHO$

$R-CO-R'$

Do the following conversions in not more than two steps:
Propanoic acid to $2-$ hydroxypropanoic acid

1645019_1780601_ans_836c2016a4324edc8d6d78430df58f53.PNG

Arrange the following compounds inn increasing order of their property as indicated:
$CH_3COCH_3, C_6H_5-CO-C_6H_5, CH_3CHO$ (reactivity towards nucleophilic addition reaction)

$C_6H_5COC_6H_5 < CH_3COCH_3 < CH_3CHO$

Aldehydes are more reactive than aliphatic ketones. Aliphatic ketones are more reactive than aromatic ketones.

Write the IUPAC names of above ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give common names also.

IUPAC name -

$cyclopentane \,carbaldehyde$
Common name -

$cyclopentane \,carbaldehyde$

Provide the structures of compounds A, B, C, and D in the above questions.

1824430_1767909_ans_3649e1cc0ea24cd190d3bf90e61a5ac2.png

Convert: Methanol to ethanoic acid

1785277_1770753_ans_2572b12140ef4333b476606938c7b041.png

Which of the following are carboxylic acids:

$C_{2}H_{4}O_{2} , \quad C_{2}H_{4}O, \quad C_{2}H_{6}O, \quad C_{3}H_{6}O_{2}$

Carboxylic acids are compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by the -COOH group.

Note that every carboxylic acid contains two Oxygen atoms. The carboxylic acids with no other functional groups have the molecular formula

$C_{n}H_{2n}O_{2}$ .

Using this, one can say that

$C_{2}H_{4}O_{2}$ ( ethanoic acid) and

$C_{3}H_{6}O_{2}$ (propanoic acid ) are carboxylic acids.

Write the structure of the following compound : $3-$ oxopentanal.

$\begin{matrix} & & & & O & & & & O & \\ & & & & \parallel & & & & \parallel & \\ { CH }_{ 3 } & - & { CH }_{ 2 } & - & C & - & { CH }_{ 2 } & - & C & -H \\ & & & & & & & & & \end{matrix}$

Give reasons:
Propanone is less reactive than ethanal towards nucleophilic addition reactions.

The methyl group due to its

$+I$ effect reduce the magnitude of positive charge on carbonyl carbon atom. Moreover, it also hinders the approach of the nucleophile. Since in propanone, there are two methyl groups while in acetaldehyde there is one methyl group, therefore, propanone is less reactive than acetaldehyde towards nucleophilic addition reactions.

Propose the mechanism for the following reaction:
$CH_3\ CHO+\ HCN \xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 } } \begin{matrix} { CH }_{ 3 }- & CH- & CN \\ & | & \\ & OH & \end{matrix}$

The reaction proceeds through the nucleophilic attack of

$CN^-$ ion as follows:
1648522_1780720_ans_1630905c1e9d423792c0e6ff52dfb314.png

Give the IUPAC name of the following organic compounds:

4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one.

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleopjilic addition reactions.
Benzaldehyde, $p-$ Tolualdehyde, $p-$ Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.

Acetophenone is a ketone. All the other three compounds are aldegydes. Hence, acetophenone is least reactive.

$p-$ Toluadehyde has an electron-donating methyl group at the para position of the benzene ring whereas

$p-$ nitrobenzaldehyde has an electron withdrawing nitro group at the para position. Thus,

$p-$ tolualdehyde is less reactive and

$p-$ nitrobenzaldehyde is more reactive than benzaldehyde.
Therefore, the required order is as follows:
Acetophenone <

$p-$ Tolualdehyde < Benzaldedehyde <

$p-$ Nitrobenzalsehyde

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as indicated:
Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Methyl tert-butyl ketone ( reactivity towards $HCN$ )

Methyl tert- butyl ketone < Acetone < Acetaldehyde

Would you expect benzalsehyde to be more reactive or less reactive in nucleophilic addition reaction than propanal? Explain your answer.

The carbon atom of the carbonyl group of benzaledehyde is less electrophilic than carbon atom of the carbonyl group present in propanal. The polarity of the carbonyl group is reduced in benzaldehyde due to resonance as shown below and hence it is less raective than propanal.
1648255_1780656_ans_e9e0b4539dc44910a6343e016789ac70.png

1648255_1780656_ans_e9e0b4539dc44910a6343e016789ac70.png

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions.
Ethanal, Propanal, Propanone, Butanone

The +I effect of the alkyl group increases in the order:

Ethanal < Propanal < Propanone < Butanone

The electron density at the carbonyl carbon increases with the increase in the +I effect. As a result, the chances of attack by a nucleophile decrease. Hence, the increasing order of the reactivities of the given carbonyl compounds in nucleophilic addition reactions is:

Butanone < Propanone < Propanal < Ethanal

Give the IUPAC name of the following organic compounds:

2-Methyl cyclopent-3-enecarboxylic acid

Write the structural formula and IUPAC name of the compound: di-sec.
butylketone.

$\begin{matrix} & & & & { CH }_{ 3 } & & O & & { CH }_{ 3 } & \\ & & & & | & & \parallel & & | & \\ { CH }_{ 3 } & - & { CH }_{ 2 } & - & CH & - & C & - & CH & -{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ CH }_{ 3 } \\ & & & & & & & & & \end{matrix}\ \ 3,5-$ Dimethylheptan

$-4$ -one

Write the IUPAC name of the following:

$4-$ Methyl pentanoic acid
1706968_1807046_ans_6d85c6fef01e4150a634ea146068c326.png

The monoamino monocarboxylic acids have two $pK_a$ values. Explain.

In aqueous solution, monoamino monocarboxyli acid behave like salt at isoelectric point . At a

$pH$ lower than isoelectric point (i.e. in acidic medium) it shows one

$pK_a$ value and at a

$pH$ higher than isoelectric point .( i.e. basic medium), its shows another

$pK_a$ value.

How would you bring about the conversion of Propanol to propanoic acid? Name the process and write reaction involved.

By the oxidation of propanol using oxidising agent such as alkaline

$KMnO_{4}$ .

$CH_{3}CH_{2}CH_{2}OH\xrightarrow[Heat]{Alk. KMnO_{4}}CH_{3}CH_{2}COOH + H_{2}O$

Draw the structure of the following derivatives:
The 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde

1650202_1780813_ans_9a179b20610c42dca8240340cd597384.png

Draw the structure of the following derivatives:
Cyclopanone oxime

1650207_1780818_ans_5d54e357c8a84393b9ce744e87004ce2.png

Suggest a reagent for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid.

To convert ethanol to ethanoic acid add acidified

$K_2Cr_2O_7$ or alkaline

$KMnO_4$

What are carboxylic acids? Give their formula

An organic compound containing the carboxyl group

$(COOH)$ is known as carboxylic acid.

The general formula

$C_nH_{2n+1}COOH$

Draw the structure of the following derivatives:
Acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal

1650204_1780814_ans_a150518bd8cd4b0683535702edeeadff.png

write the name and structure of an aldehyde with four carbon atoms in its molecule.

Compound is Butanal
1648708_1784520_ans_41a92fb2ecf045aaaffc7a0e4bd3b231.png

Given the $IUPAC$ names of the following compounds numbered (i) to (v). The $IUPAC$ name of thr compounds on the left are to guide you for given the correct $IUPAC$ names of the compounds on the right.

1717778_1807547_ans_def1e66c18af4971948b72b2634d8ec7.png

Identify the odd one out and justify.
Acetic acid, carbonic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid

Acetic acid =

$CH_3COOH$
Carbonic acid =

$H_2CO_3$
Hydrochloric acid =

$HCI$
Nitric acid = -

$HNO_3$
HCI is the only Diatomic Hetro-Nuclear compound and remaining are Poly Atomic compound.

Give the structural formulae and IUPAC name of acetic acid. What is glacial acetic acid?

Structural formula of acetic acid:

IUPAC name of acetic acid is: Ethanoic acid

Glacial acetic is the pure form of acetic acid. It does not contain water.

1702311_1807430_ans_513ca1a013a3430b820b38d393463569.png

Write the IUPAC name of the following structural formulae.
$CH_{3} CH_{3} - COOH$

the IUPAC name of the following structural formula

$CH_{3} CH_{3} - COOH$ is propanoic acid

Write structural formulae for the following IUPAC name.
butanone

Write the common name, IUPAC name and formula of one monocarboxylic acid and one dicarboxylic acid

Monocarboxylic acid"

Formula:

$HCOOH$

Common name:Formic acid

IUPAC name: Methanoic acid

Dicarboxylic acid:

Formula:

$COOH-COOH$

Common name: Oxalic acid

IUPAC name: Ethane-dioic acid

Write the structural formulae for the following IUPAC
butanoic acid

Write the structural formulae for the following IUPAC name .pent-2-one

Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid,
Ethylbenzene

1817301_1829422_ans_014ecd662a344177bbac5ac64a5b39e1.jpg

Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

1817291_1829416_ans_a81f3f0a694a4ad8a74bc4eb85aeef73.jpg

What product is obtained when ethyl benzene is oxidized with alkaline $KMnO_4$ ?

1817353_1829430_ans_3d1157aa481949f9b96121514e9e7ffb.jpg

Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid,
Bromobenzene

1817309_1829424_ans_644b0816a5144cc2ac037015a6e16c4e.jpg

Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds:

1817294_1829417_ans_a3254be3a1bf4bc8a2b922ae3945dea2.jpg

Show how each of the following compounds can be converted to benzoic acid,
Phenylethene (Styrene)

1817318_1829425_ans_0fd916d5638348ada6b931404356975e.jpg

Give the names of the functional group
> C = O

Given functional group is carbonyl functional group it may be aldehydic or ketonic.

Draw structures of the following derivatives.
Acetaldehydedimethylacetal

1816134_1828892_ans_a40c349c53324783b7491d11cea35e92.jpg

Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent or products

1817193_1829163_ans_581c04bae100407d87967c30d7368f8b.jpg

Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names.
$CH_3CH_2CHBrCH_2CH(CH_3)CHO$

1816126_1828857_ans_757c1344c8254ebd95a123d4867ef8f4.jpg

Write down the IUPAC name of the given compound.
$CH_3-CH_2-CH_2-COOH$

The IUPAC name of the given compound is Butanoic acid.

Write the structural formula of the following compounds.
$3$ -Bromo- $4$ -phenyl pentanoic acid

1817397_1829492_ans_709d6847a3b140008fee478d3e6ea4ed.jpg

Write the uses of methanoic acid.

It is used in the rubber industry for coagulating latex, it is also used in textile, dyeing, leather, and electroplating industries.

Write the structural formula and IUPAC name of the following compounds:
(i) Formic acid
(ii) Ethyl acetate
(iii) Ethyl methyl ether

Compound	Structural Formula	IUPAC name
(i) Formic acid	$HCOOH$	Methanoic acid
(ii) Ethyl acetate	$CH_3COOC_2H_5$	Ethyl ethanoate
(iii) Ethyl methyl ether	$CH_3OC_2H_5$	Methoxy ethane

Write the IUPAC name of $OHC-CH_2-CH_2 - COOH$

1744814_1830756_ans_2fc8358c62f44b258113017d0e582e94.png

Write the IUPAC name of glycerol and crotonic acid.

1751215_1832373_ans_baa3afa2c35d474da67da285a468a4b1.png

Write the IUPAC names of

1817383_1829473_ans_27da21da4ee340c58302b3098a71fabc.jpg

Write the structural formula of the following compounds.
Hex - $2$ -en- $4$ - ynoic acid

1817421_1829500_ans_7e2b8d663318470fb823393c224dc6ea.jpg

Draw the structure of $4$ methyl pent - $3$ ene- $2$ one.

1817389_1829482_ans_bb7fa16b2a884092a4f01c29a689ed87.jpg

Write down the IUPAC name of the compound given below:
$CH_3 - CH_2 - CH_2 - CH_2 - CH_2 - COOH$

The IUPAC name of the given compound is Hexanoic acid.

List out the uses of ethanoic acid.

$\bullet$ In the manufacture of rayon

$\bullet$ In the rubber and silk industary

$\bullet$ Vinegar-Impart Sour taste food item

$\bullet$ Used as preservative.

Write the IUPAC name of the following organic compound:
$CH_3 - COOH$

Steps for IUPAC naming

Identification of the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain.
Identification of all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent chain).
Identification of parental functional group.
Identification of other remaining functional group.

ex:- double bond, triple bond

Identification of side chain
The numbering of chain, side chain, various substituent, and bond with their locant.
assigning primary and secondary prefixes, suffixes, and root words in order to complete IUPAC naming.

IUPAC name of the given compound is

$ethanoic \ acid.$

$eth$ for two carbon atom chain
$-an$ for alkane parent chain.
$-oic\ acid$ for $-COOH$ group

$3$ mL, of ethanol is taken in a test tube and warmed gently in a water bath. A $5\%$ solution of alkaline potassium permanganate is added first drop by drop to this solution, then in excess.
Write chemical equation of this reaction.

Chemical equation of this reaction:

$\underset{Ethanol}{C_2H_5OH} \xrightarrow[KMnO_4]{alkaline} \underset{Acetic \ acid}{CH_3COOH}$

Ethanol is oxidised to give carboxylic acid. (Acetic acid)

Give hybridization state of each carbon in the following compounds:
$(CH_3)_2CO$

1931937_1873727_ans_e9868a96e3eb4088a80c9075a260db8d.jpg

Column I
( organic compounds oxidised by $\displaystyle HIO_{4}$ ) $\displaystyle HIO_{4}$ oxidation )

Periodic oxidation of

$\displaystyle CH_{3}COCHO$ gives

$\displaystyle CH_{3}COOH+HCOOH$ .
Periodic oxidation of

$\displaystyle -$ cyclohexane dione gives

$\displaystyle HOOC\:\left ( CH_{2} \right )_{4}\:COOH$ .
Periodic oxidation of

$\displaystyle PhCH\:\left ( OH \right )\:CHO$ gives

$\displaystyle PhCH=O+HCOOH$ .
Periodic oxidation of

$\displaystyle CH_{3}CH_{2}CH\left ( OH \right )COCH_{3}$ gives

$\displaystyle CH_{3}CH_{2}CHO+HOOCCH_{3}$ .

Consider the reaction in column-I and match them with product properties in column-II

(A) -Nucleophilic addition of

$CN^-$ at planar

$sp^2$ carbon gives cyanohydrin. in this reaction, a racemic mixture is obtained.
(B) The product of the reaction

$CH_3COOC_2H_5\overset{C_2H_5ONa}{\underset {C_2H_5OH}{\longrightarrow}}\, \overset { (i)\, NaBH_4}{ \underset {(ii)\, HO^-/H_2O}{\longrightarrow}}$ is a racemic mixture.
(C) Inversion of confuration occur in first step to give a single enantiomer of nitrile which of hydrolysis give a single enantiomer of acid. Hence, the product of the reaction is a single enantiomer.
(D) The reaction

$HOC-CHO \overset{NaCN(aq)}{\longrightarrow} \, \overset{H^+/H_2O}{\longrightarrow}$ produces three stereoisomers which includes a pair of diastereomers.

An organic compound has molecular formula A $\left ( C_{7}H_{10} \right )$ and known to decolourized $Br_{2}$ -water solution.A on reduction with $H_{2}/Pt$ produces B $\left ( C_{7}H_{14} \right )$ . B on monochlorination with $Cl_{2}/hv$ produces four isomeric monochloro derivatives $C_{7}H_{13}Cl$ . A on ozonolysis followed by work-up with Zn-dimethyl sulphide affords two and only two products, one being methanal and other C $\left ( C_{6}H_{8}O_{3} \right )$ . C is oxidised with acidic solution of dochromate to yields D $\left ( C_{6}H_{8}O_{5} \right )$ which is soluble in $NaHCO_{3}$ . D is reduced with $NaBH_{4}$ to yield E $\left ( C_{6}H_{10}O_{3} \right )$ which may be resolved into enantiomers. Identify A to E.

Step 1-

$A$ has multiple bond as it gives the unsaturation test with

$Br_2$ water

Step 2- Ozonolysis of

$A$ in the presence of

$Zn-Me_2S$ (Stops the oxidation upto aldehyde) will result in

$C$

Step 3- Oxidation with strong oxidising agent

$K_2Cr_2O_7$ will results in compound

$D$ , that will oxidise the aldehyde part to

$COOH$

Step 4-

$NaBH_4$ can't reduce the

$COOH$ so it will reduce the ketone part and convert it to alcohol.

1011964_239330_ans_f77317b0ea264c7b8e20d4abe11497da.PNG

Identify (A) To (C)

Degree of Unsaturation in A =

$\displaystyle \frac{(2\, \times\,8\, +\,2)\, -\, 10}{2}\, =\, 4^{\circ}$
Degree of Unsaturation in B =

$\displaystyle \frac{(2\, \times\,4\, +\,2)\, -\, 6}{2}\, =\, 2^{\circ}$
Structure of B

$\Rightarrow$ since it is an acid (

$C_3H_5COOH$ ). In (B), 1 DU is accounted for acid group, another 1 DU is present in (

$C_3H_5$ ). It should be a 3 C atom ring, not (C = C), since after ozonolysis or oxidative cleavage (C = C) bond or (

$C \equiv C$ ) bond cannot be

Identify the products.

The complete reaction is shown in the figure.

Match the Compounds given in List-I with their Uses in List-II.

BHA (Butylated hydroxy anisole) is used as anti-oxidant and food preservative.
BHT (Butylated hydroxy toluene) is used as anti-oxidant and food preservative.
PAS (p-Amino salicylic acid) is anti-tuberculosis drug.
2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) is broad leaf weed killer.
Amidol (2, 4-Diaminophenol is photographic developer.

The compound which would undergo nucleophilic substitution fastest would be
$CH_3CH_2CONH_2$
$CH_3CH_2COOCH_3$
$CH_3CH_2COCl$

$Acyl chloride>Anhydride>Ester$
In the acyl chloride, the Cl group is electronegative and electron-withdrawing in nature so it creates a positive charge on the carbon atom and a nucleophile can easily attack. The given reaction follows the withdrawl of the X group and Chlorine is the best leaving group among amide and ester.

The amide group is a very strong donating group and it increases the electron density around the carbon atom so nucleophile attack decreases.
Another factor for the reactivity is resonance stability provided by the C=O group and maximum the stability of this group least is the attack by a nucleophile. Amides exhibit two main resonance forms so that the amide bond between the carbonyl carbon and the nitrogen atom (-CO-NH-H) is a double bond character. Esters exhibit less resonance stabilization than amides so the formation of the tetrahedral intermediate is less favorable. Acid halides show the least resonance and they form tetrahedral intermediate easily so they are most reactive towards nucleophilic substitution.

How many equivalents of HCHO are formed by oxidative cleavage of one equivalent of D-glucose by excess of HIO $_4$ in water?

1 equivalent of HCHO is formed by oxidative cleavage of one equivalent of D-glucose by an excess of

$HIO_4$ in water.

Draw the structures of the following compounds.
(i) 3-Methylbutanal       (ii) p-Nitropropiophenone
(iii) p-Methylbenzaldehyde   (iv) 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
(v) 4-Chloropentan-2-one    (vi) 3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid
(vii) p,p-Dihydroxybenzophenone   (viii) Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid

How will you convert:
(i) Ethanoic acid into methanamine
(ii) Hexanenitrile into 1-aminopentane
(iii) Methanol to ethanoic acid
(iv) Ethanamine into methanamine
(v) Ethanoic acid into propanoic acid
(vi) Methanamine into ethanamine
(vii) Nitromethane into dimethylamine
(viii) Propanoic acid into ethanoic acid?

An organic compound with molecular formula ${C}_{9}{H}_{10}O$ forms 2, 4-DNP derivative, reduces Tollen's reagent and undergoes Cannizaro reaction. On vigorous oxidation it gives a dicarboxylic acid which is used in the preparation of terylene. Identify the organic compound.

The positive Brady's test (ie reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine) indicates that the organic compound is carbonyl compound and Tolllen's and Cannizoaro reactions indicate that it is an aldehyde without

$\alpha$ -hydrogen atom. As the end product is terephthalic benzaldehyde

Aldehydes, ketones and acids contain $CO$ group.
(a) Name the product obtained by the reaction between Acetic acid and Ethanol.
(b) Give any two tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

a) Ethanol and Acetic acid reacts to form Ethyl acetate and water

$C_2H_5OH + CH_3COOH\rightarrow CH_3COOC_2H_5 + H_2O$

With Fehling's reagent, an aldehyde gives a brick-red precipitate, while ketone doesn't have any.

b) Silver mirror test and Fehling's test

Give one chemical test each to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:
(1) Ethanol and acetic acid
(2) Acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde

(i)Acetic acid being acidic reacts with carbonates or bicarbonates to give brisk effervescence due to the evolution of carbondioxide whereas ethanol does not react.

$C{ H }_{ 3 }COOH+{ Na }_{ 2 }C{ O }_{ 3 }\rightarrow C{ H }_{ 3 }COONa+{ H }_{ 2 }O+C{ O }_{ 2 }\uparrow$

(ii) Fehling's solution test is used to distinguish between acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde as:

acetaldehyde gives red precipitate of cuprous oxide while benzaldehyde does not.

$C{ H }_{ 3 }CHO+{ 5OH }^{ - }+2{ Cu }^{ 2+ }\rightarrow C{ H }_{ 3 }CO{ O }^{ - }+{ Cu }_{ 2 }O\downarrow +3{ H }_{ 2 }O$

Prepare carbolic acid from benzene sulphonic acid. Write a chemical equation for the action of neutral ferric chloride on phenol.

Preparation of carbolic acid (phenol) from benzene sulphonic acid:

Treatment of benzene sulphonic acid with NaOH gives sodium salt of benzene sulphonic acid. This sodium salt is heated with NaOH at

$350 ^0$ to form sodium salt of phenol. The acid hydrolysis of sodium salt gives phenol.

The action of neutral ferric chloride on phenol gives violet coloured complex.

Find A, B, C, D, and E in the given table.

(a) (Refer to Image 1)

$H_2/Pd$ do addition on

$C=O$ of

$H$ , and reduce ketone to alcohol.It does not reduce benzene.

(b) (Refer to Image 2)

Acid hydrolysis of ester takes place followed by de carboxylation in presence of heat.

This reaction is Wittig reaction which in presence of ylide gives alkene.

(d) (Refer to Image 4)

$(CH_3)_2Cu_4 \rightarrow$ Gilmann reagent, always undergo

$1,4$ nucleophilic addition or michael addition, in which alkyl act as nucleophile.

(e) (Refer to Image 5)

This is an aldol reaction.

1190458_992026_ans_1354302a4e2740c9b3d0072e7edbdb01.png

Name the product obtained when alcohol is added to the carbonyl group in the presence of dry $HCl$ ?

1353210_1147131_ans_cf55ed6a903d47709b54b36da871d8fd.jpg

$\xrightarrow[]{LiAlH_4} A..............................$

Acyl chlorides on reaction/reduction with

$LiAlH_4$ produce alcohols. as refer to the IMAGE

$01$ . The mechanism is shown in IMAGE

$02$ .

How many -COOH the product has?

1367707_1178121_ans_261cc1d1e1b642f1af2189b4e73786c1.png

There are seven isomeric compounds with the formula $C_{4}H_{10}O$ . Write their structure and identify their functional groups.

The compound is saturated with zero

$D.U.,$ (Degree of Unsaturation) so it can be alcohol or ether.
1597004_1362334_ans_5735a98076254123ae04bd8c1126cdcf.png

Write the structures of the following compounds.
$4$ -Fluoroacetophenone

1873842_1357076_ans_4958c8a8bdd04974901204dce200bf39.jpeg

What is the functional groups in the following molecules?
$CH_{3}COOH$

The functional group present in the following molecules is Carboxylic acid.

$COOH$ is the symbol which represent the carboxylic acid functional group.

$CH_{3}COOH$

Arrange the following in the increasing order of their reactivity towards nucleophilic addition reaction :

Refer Fig. 1

Increasing order of reactivity
As we know aldehydes have one

$R$ group and

$1H$ and

$R$ group alkyl group is electron donating and hydrogen is electron withdrawing.
So Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones
Also, more electron donation less reactive the group.
So, order of reactivity is,

Refer Fig. 2

1499489_1700710_ans_66795a8401a8438f8327967c9f4c3bd7.png

Answer the following questions:

Explain the mechanism of aldol addition reaction.
Mention two uses of carboxylic acids.

Mechanism of Aldol addition reaction:
Aldol addition reaction is the reaction in which substrate used is aldehydes & ketones having alpha hydrogens to the carboxyl group.
Aldol addition reaction is self condensation reaction.
We use weak base for the aldol reaction

$(NaOH/KOH)$

Uses of carboxylic acids:

$1$ . Manufacturing of soaps

$2$ . Food industry uses organic carboxylic acids in production of SOH drinks, food products etc.

$3$ . Carboxylic acids are used in preparation of drugs such as aspirin, phenacetin etc.

1495329_1700074_ans_a7aa1c2972a546c8be71b3a83f65d895.png

Match the following:
(A) Acetic acid (1) Soda lime (M) $Cl{CH}_{2}COOH$
(B) Formic acid (2) Poisonous (N) Dicarboxylic acid
(C) Decaboxylation (3) Phosphorus (O) Soap
(D) Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction (4) Kolbe's synthesis (P) Fermentation of sugar
(E) Oxalic acid (5) Saponification (Q) Carbon monoxide
(F) Electrolysis of ${CH}_{3}COOK$ (6) Vinegar (R) Alkane
(G) ${CH}_{3}COO{C}_{2}{H}_{5}+NaOH$ (7) Dehydration (S) Reducing acid
(H) Formic acid +conc. ${H}_{2}{SO}_{4}$ (8) Red ants (T) Ethane

(A-6-P);(B-8-S);(C-1-R);(D-3-M);(E-2-N);(F-4-T);(G-5-O); (H-7-Q)

Write the products formed when benzaldehyde reacts with the following reagents :
(i) $CH_3 CHO$ in presence of dilute $NaOH$
(ii) $NH_2NH-C_6H_5$
(iii) Conc. $NaOH$

1499493_1700694_ans_79d1744c518d4a47b1957e307227f5f4.png

Two isomeric compounds (A) and (B) have molecular formula ${C}_{6}{H}_{10}$ . Oxidation of (A) gives mixture of butanoic and acetic acids, whereas compound (B) gives hexa-1,6-dioic acid. What are (A) and (B)?

(A)

${CH}_{3}{CH}_{2}{CH}_{2}C\equiv C-{CH}_{3}$

(B) given structure

1622411_1720463_ans_acad43b860d6444e9a13c17a4ce8e53a.png

Complete the given reactions:

1622471_1720534_ans_13e4f2f0996643459e0aeace47b3a7c8.png

Show the steps to carry out the following transformation:

Ethylbenzene $\rightarrow$ 2-phenyl propionic acid

1546067_1722488_ans_72530882695a4307b599355e81de914b.jpg

Fill in the blanks :
Trimer of acetaldehyde has a structure ........... .

1653869_1720588_ans_bc3a052d16f947958e3b5b95f8f9fbf2.png

Complete the given reactions:

1557510_1720473_ans_94101f9a27c042149ff07df36416aa90.jpg

A ketone (A) which undergoes haloform reaction gives compound (B) on reduction. (B) on heating with $H_2SO_4$ gives compound (C), which forms monozonide (D). (D) on hydrolysis in the presence of Zn dust gives only acetaldehyde. Identify(A), (B) and (C).

1560092_1737261_ans_9c59a8d916c64b67b9a45267e43a4c83.png

Amongst o-hydroxybezaldehyde and p-hydroxy-benzaldehyde which is more soluble in water?

p-hydroxybenzaldehyde is more soluble in water as its molecules are capable of forming inter molecular hydrogen bonds while o-hydroxybenzaldehyde can form only intramolecular hydrogen bonds.

Write the intermediate steps for the following reaction:
$C_{6}H_{5}CH(OH)C\equiv CH \xrightarrow {H_{3}O^{+}}C_{6}H_{5}CH = CHCHO$ .

1546070_1722491_ans_d7de5c4e404e4efb9ff7d3b575fcd8ba.jpg

Match the following

(i) Formation of

$A$ product is by

$MPV$ reduction.

(ii)

$NaBH_{4} / H_{2}O / C_{2}H_{5}OH$ will reduce

$COCl$ group.

(iii)

$Na/EtOH$ causes Boveault blanc reduction. (Reduction of ester group)

(iv)

$LiAIH_{4}$ will then reduce acid group.

complete the reaction

Complete Reaction:
1788383_1767527_ans_c05b3c9f33d5488aa82ec816443ec9e4.png

Complete the above:

1788388_1767535_ans_746f3bec33f848779663702680190dfe.png

Convert

Method for above conversion is
1788380_1767525_ans_1d1698025bdb4ff89596b66afe2594ef.png

Name and complete the above reaction.

The above reaction is Benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement reaction.
1788382_1767526_ans_a6d52323be6b42d5a63c049de99b1f02.png

Convert $CH_3CHO$ into $CH_3CH(OH)COOH$

1790237_1767562_ans_e6f6e4d107974d61b5b2c2db10ce4cf1.png

Complete the above :

1790282_1767598_ans_69f003b6c60548dea0c8f8b2d34e1122.png

Complete the above :

1790275_1767595_ans_e8dde405c7f249238c4768459fffeea6.png

Give the structure of products (A) & (B).

1790310_1767684_ans_0fb88ecb1bb747a0b20f4e8e78e07f87.png

An organic compound $(A) (C_5H_7OCl)$ reacts rapidly with ethanol to give $(B) (C_7H_{12}O_2).(A)$ also reacts with water to produce an acid which reacts with bromine to give $(C) (C_5H_8Br_2O_2). (B)$ on boiling with $H_2SO_4$ forms an acid (D). When (D) is oxidised with $KMnO_4,$ an acid $(E) (C_4H_6O_3)$ is produced. On mild heating , (E) gives $(F)(C_3H_6O)$ which cannotb be oxidised by ammoniacal $AgNO_3.$ Identify the compounds (A) to (F).

1790369_1767794_ans_17fbed5bc0f94e83847d041ad33436f3.png

Complete the following reaction::

$2PhCHO + NH_2NH_2 \longrightarrow$

1790263_1767592_ans_18c560cbfc20470da50e48b57922ec4b.png

Complete the above :

1790290_1767603_ans_23d0bfa547c44bd29f451c5c9856d396.png

Complete the above:

1790359_1767754_ans_740b7fd0adae4c859489f94da964208a.png

Convert the following:
Ethyl bromide to propanoic acid

1820379_1768638_ans_bd0ec590766b44cca6e499ae6dbb4945.png

How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps ?
Benzaldehyde to $\alpha- Hydroxyphenylacetic$ acid

1790399_1767984_ans_f1ad148df89348a49864c1a095c9ce79.png

Complete each synthesis by giving the missing starting material, reagent, or products.

Aldehyde is oxidised to

$(COO^\circleddash)$ by Tollens reagent.

1790414_1768010_ans_36027ebc1394422e9d4443c3f71abdc4.png

Provide the structures of compounds A, B, C, and D in the above questions.

1824382_1767851_ans_c1d15076b9a7406482f82eb8a9fe600f.png

What would be the major product in the above reaction ?

1788270_1770080_ans_b5f571e3404c40f28d9e802cef22aa61.png

Complete the above reactions with appropriate structures of products / reagents.

1788267_1770060_ans_d25a1a1b5dca4528a0c764e063aac860.png

Write the products (s) in the following reactions:
(i) & (ii) - Refer Image
(iii) $CH_2 = CH - CH_2 - CN \xrightarrow[(b) H_2O]{(a) DIBAL-H}$

(ii) Refer image. Decarboxylation takes place in presecne of

$NaOH$ and

$CaO$ .

(iii)

$CH_2=CH-CH_2-CN\xrightarrow[H_3O^{\oplus}]{DIBAL-H}\,CH_2=CH-CH_2-\overset{O}{\overset{||}{C}}-H$

DIBAL-H converts

$CN$ to

$CHO$ in presence of acid.

1693037_1780602_ans_f08fcb6e2a86401aaf9de89ed817e76f.png

Write chemical reaction to affect the following transformations:
Benzyl alcohol to phenylethanoic acid

$\underset{Benztl\ alcohol}{C_{6}H_{5}CH_{2}OH}\rightarrow \underset{Benzyl\ bromide}{C_{6}H_{5}CH_{2}Br}\xrightarrow [ ]{ KCN }\underset{Benzyl\ cyanide}{C_{6}H_{5}CH_{2}CN}\xrightarrow [ H_{2}O^{+} ]{ \Delta }\underset{Phenylethanoic\ acid}{C_{6}H_{5}CH_{2}COOH}$

Write chemical reaction to affect the following transformations:
Butan $-1-ol$ to butanoic acid

$\underset{CH_{3}CH_{2}CH_{2}CH_{2}OH}{Butan-1-ol}+[O]\xrightarrow [ -H_{2}O ]{ K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}/H_{2}SO_{4} } CH_{3}CH_{2}CH_{2}CHO\xrightarrow [ ]{ [O] } \underset{CH_{3}-CH_{2}-CH_{2}-COOH}{Butanoic\ acid}$

Answer the following questions
Give reasons for the following:
Ethanal is more reactive than acetone towards nucleophilic addition reaction.

This is due to steric and electronic reasons. Sterically the presence of two relatively large substituents is kitones hinders the approach of nucleophile to carbonyl carbon than in aledhydes having onlt one such substituent.
Electronically two alkyl groups reduces the positively of the carbonyl carbon more effectively in ketones than in aldehydes.

Complete the above, giving the structures of principal organic products.

i. It is an example of Witig reaction.
1788261_1770055_ans_33d69e3d1282408eb45ba27be5b3db12.png

$pK_3$ of chloroacetic acid is lower than $pK_3$ of acetic acid. Explain.

Due to

$-1$ effect of chlorine electron density in the

$O-H$ bond in chloroacetic acid
is lower than an acetic acid. Consequently,

$O-H$ bons in chloroacetic acid is weaker
than acetic acid and hence stronger the acid smaller is the value of

$pK_a$ . Therefore,

$pK_a$ value of chloroacetic acid is lower than acetic acid.

A compound $'X'(C_2H_4O)$ on oxidation gives $'Y'(C_2H_4O_2). 'X'$ undergoes haloform reaction. On treatment with $HCN\ 'X'$ forms a product $'Z$ which on hydrolysis gives $2-$ hydroxy propanoic acid.
Write down structures of $'X'$ and $'Y$ '.

$X=CH_3CHO$ and

$Y=CH_3COOH$

Alkenes $(> C = C <)$ and carbonyl compounds $(> C = 0)$ , both contain a $\pi$ bond but alkenes show electrophilic reactions whereas carbonyl compounds show nucleophilic addition reactions. Explain.

Alkenes undergo

$\text{electrophilic addition}$ whereas aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition because in alkenes the

$\text{double bond joins two carbon atoms and there is no resultant polarity.}$ while in carbonyl compounds reactions

$\text{due to the polarity in the carbonyl bond that makes them vulnerable to a nucleophile,}$ an atom that donates electrons.

Predict the products formed when cyclohexanecarbaldehyde reacts with following reagents.
Tollens' reagent?

1650273_1780836_ans_eda12d81e83e49bba30a6d27f02a67a6.png

An organic compound $A$ on treatment with ethyl alcohol gives carboxylic acid $B$ and compound $C$ . Hydrolysis of $C$ under acidic conditions given $B$ and $D$ . Oxidation of $D$ with $KMnO_{4}$ also gives $B$ , $B$ on heating with $Ca(OH)_{2}$ gives $E$ with molecular formula $C_{3}H_{6}O$ . $E$ does not give Tollen test or reduce Fehling solution but forms $2, 4-$ dinitrophenyl hydrazone. Identify $A, B, C, D, E$ .

1650282_1780856_ans_963befac27f74a93b87d192c392b453d.png

Answer the following questions
How would you account for the following:
Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilies.

This is due steric and electronic reasons. Sterically the presence of two relatively large substituents in ketones hinders the approach of nucleophile to carbonyl carbon than in aldehydes having only one such substituent.
Electronically two alkyl groups reduce the positively of the carbonyl carbon more effectively in ketones than in aldehydes.

Answer the following questions
How would you account for the following:
The aldehydes and ketones undergo a number of addition reactions.

Due to greater electronegativity of oxygen than carbon, the

$C$ atom of the

$C=O$ group acquires a partial positive charge in aldehydes and ketones and hence readily undergo nucleophilic addition reactions.

Answer the following questions
A ketone $A$ which undergoes haloform reaction gives compound $B$ on reduction. $B$ on heating with sulphuric acid gives compound $C$ , which forms mono-ozonide $D$ . The compound $D$ on hydrolysis in presence of zinc dust gives only acetaldehyde . Write the structures and $IUPAC$ names of $A, B$ and $C$ Write down the reactions involved.

1650153_1780831_ans_39b5c5a719a7497d87125f0500a72f67.png

Write chemical reaction to affect the following transformations:
Cyclohexene to hexane $-1, 6-$ dioic acid

1650123_1780789_ans_380339268b8d4f63ab6a4d7525a8ffbc.png

An aldehyde as well as a ketone can be represented by the same molecular formula, say $C_{3}H_{6}O$ . Write their structures and name them. State the relation between the two in the language of science

These two compounds are called isomers. i.e., compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formula.
1651175_1785009_ans_824ca60225784e02bdb35bc46c2dc923.png

1651175_1785009_ans_824ca60225784e02bdb35bc46c2dc923.png

How will you bring about the following conversions in not more than two steps?
Benzaldehyde to a -Hydroxyphenylacetic acid

1816650_1829119_ans_0afdd35101654578aa8282baa93ecc83.jpg

Predict the product of the following reactions:

1817265_1829414_ans_5babdddd42bd46e7ab2f217d9fcedf4f.jpg

Complete each synthesis by giving missing starting material, reagent, or products.

1817231_1829401_ans_5ac45c951f8f415f9a212c3619e252ab.jpg

Carboxylic acids contain carbonyl group but do not show the nucleophilic addition reaction like aldehydes or ketones. Why?

The partial positive charge on carbonyl carbon atom is reduced due to resonance.

1717765_1797818_ans_91e1aa9c09694cb2a4ed009bd9485b6f.png

Draw structural formula for each of the following compounds:
ethanal
What is used to describe these compounds taken together?

This compound is called organic compound. (Belongs to Aldehyde functional group)
1706542_1807095_ans_86d088b53bcd42d38c0c4e14d5d7c2d5.png

How will you covert:
Methonal to ethanoic acid

Write the following decreasing order of nucleophilic addition.
$CH_3CHO , CH_3COCH_3 , HCHO , C_2H_5 COCH_3$

Consider steric effect and electronic effect.

The electron density at the carbonyl carbon increases with the increase in the

$+I$ effect.

As a result, the chances of attack by a nucleophile decreases.

Hence, the increasing order of the reactivities of the given carbonyl compounds in nucleophilic addition reactions is:

$HCHO > CH_3CHO > CH_3COCH_3 > CH_3CH_2COCH_3$ .

How can ethanol be converted into ethanoic acid?

The alcohol is oxidised by using potassium dichromate solution in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid. It is dichromate ion that is the opposite oxidizing agent and dilute sulphuric acid is used to acidify the solution.

Draw the structural formula for each of the following compounds: "acetone"

This compound is called organic compound. (Ketone functional group)
1706538_1807104_ans_bdd1394084344b919b294607bd6cfdf2.png

Explain the following reactions and give equations also :
Addition product obtained by addition of alcohol to aldehydes and ketones

Addition product obtained by addition of alcohol to aldehydes and ketones:
1745712_1831717_ans_93626a2124e0436390fac1f4591f7f54.png

Molecular formula of some compounds are given in the box.
$C_{2}H_{4}$ , $C_{6}H_{14}$ , $CH_{3}-CH_{2}-Cl$ , $CH_{3}-COOH$ , $C_{6}H_{6}$

Which compound can be used in food?

Acetic acid (

$CH_3COOH$ ) is used as a sour agent added in vinegar, pickled vegetables, and sauce, and as a raw material for spice

Arrange the following in decreasing ease of acid-catalysed esterification:

During acid-catalysed esterification, the nucleophilic attack of the alcohol

$(R'OH)$ molecule occurs on the protonated carbonyl group of the acid

$(ArCOOH)$ to give the tetrahedral intermediate as shown below:

Evidently, as the number of methyl groups at the o-position of the benzene ring increases, the carbonyl group becomes more and more sterically hindered. As a result, the rate of nucleophilic attack by ROH on the carbonyl group decreases and hence the rate of esterification decreases accordingly. Thus, the rate of esterification decreases in the order : benzoic acid

$> 2, 4$ -dimenthylbenzoic acid

$> 2, 4, 6 -$ trimethyl benzoic acid.
2042621_1966835_ans_4ab4ad6c232948fbac3eb29d462377c5.png

(A) Acetic acid	(1) Soda lime	(M) $Cl{CH}_{2}COOH$
(B) Formic acid	(2) Poisonous	(N) Dicarboxylic acid
(C) Decaboxylation	(3) Phosphorus	(O) Soap
(D) Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction	(4) Kolbe's synthesis	(P) Fermentation of sugar
(E) Oxalic acid	(5) Saponification	(Q) Carbon monoxide
(F) Electrolysis of ${CH}_{3}COOK$	(6) Vinegar	(R) Alkane
(G) ${CH}_{3}COO{C}_{2}{H}_{5}+NaOH$	(7) Dehydration	(S) Reducing acid
(H) Formic acid +conc. ${H}_{2}{SO}_{4}$	(8) Red ants	(T) Ethane

Aldehydes,Ketones And Carboxylic Acids - Class 12 Engineering Chemistry - Extra Questions

The IUPAC name of succinic acid is Butane-1,4-dioic acid.If true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Write chemical equations for the following conversions:(i) Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid.(ii) Benzyl chloride to 2-phenylethanamine.(iii) Aniline to benzyl alcohol.

Give the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the following compounds:(a) Formaldehyde(b) Acetone.

Why are aldehydes and ketones polar compounds?

Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid. Write the equation involve in the reaction.

figure

Draw the structure of the simplest ketone.

Write the structure of the principal organic product formed in the reaction of 1-propanol with each of the following reagents: (i) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)(K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}) in adqueous sulfuric acid, heat

What is the IUPAC name of succinic acid?

How can the second compound be obtained from the first compound?

Write the product of this reaction ?

Write the product of this reaction :

Bring about the following transformation:Toluene⟶C6H5CH2COOHToluene \longrightarrow C_6H_5CH_2COOH

What is the structure of EE?

CH3CHOSeO2→ΔCH_3CHO\xrightarrow[\Delta]{SeO_2} What is the product of this reaction:

A is an alkene. Identify the reactant AA in the above reaction.

Convert the above compound and note that KMnO4KMnO_4 can cause cleavage of the ring in the presence of the activating (-OH) group.

(I) (II)Convert I to II.

Propose structure/structures for the hydrocarbon that gives the following products on oxidative cleavage by KMnO4/H⊕KMnO_4/H^\oplus

Identify EE in the above reaction.

Complete the following.

Identify (A) and (B) in the given sequence of reaction PhCH2CHOSeO2→(A)(i)con.OH−→(ii)H+PhCH_2CHO \overset{SeO_2}{\rightarrow}(A) \xrightarrow[(ii)H^+]{(i)con.OH^-} (B)

Draw the structure of the following compound:4-Chloropentan-2-one

Draw the structures of following compounds:p-Nitropropiophenone

Draw the structure of the following compound :p,p'-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Write structural formulae and names of four possiblealdol condensation products from propanal and butanal.III each case, indicate which aldehyde acts as nucleophile and which as electrophile.

Draw the structure of the following compound.4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one

Complete the following reaction and write the structures of A to D.

Draw structures of the following derivatives.(i) The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde(ii) Cyclopropanone oxime(iii) Acetaldehydedimethylacetal(iv) The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone(v) The ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one(vi) The methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde

Ethyl alcohol to trichloroacetic acid

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom:(i) Methyl benzoate (ii) m-Nitrobenzoic acid(iii) p-Nitrobenzoic acid (iv) Phenylacetic acid(v) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde.

What are ambident nucleophiles? Explain with an example

Write the IUPAC name of the compound : CH3−CH−CH2−C−CH3|||OHO\begin{matrix} C{ H }_{ 3 }- & CH & -C{ H }_{ 2 }- & C & -C{ H }_{ 3 } \\ & | & & || & \\ & OH & & O & \end{matrix}

Arrange the following compounds in an increasing order of their reactivity in nucleophilic addition reactions: ethanol, propanal, propanone, butanone.

Why do aldehydes and ketones have high dipole moments?

How can the following conversation be brought about:Propanoic acid to ethylamine.

π\pi bonds are formed by the _______ overlap of _______ orbitals.

Give the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the following compounds(a) Malonic acid(b) Succinic acid.

How are the following compounds prepared?Benzaldehyde from benzoyl chloride.

How is 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one obtained from propan-e-one?

State the IUPAC names of the following compounds :(i) CH3−CH2−CH2−OHC{H}_{3} - C{H}_{2} - C{H}_{2} - OH(ii) HCOOHHCOOH(iii) CH3−CH2−CH=CH2C{H}_{3} - C{H}_{2} - CH = C{H}_{2}.

Look at the picture and identify what happens. Support your answer with equations.How is B formed from A?

Mention the hybridised state of carbonyl carbon atom.

How will you bring out the following conversion :(i) Acetyl chloride to Acetaldehyde(ii) Methanal to Ethanal.

Identify the substance underlined, in each of the following cases:An organic compound containing - COOHCOOH functional group.

What is the IUPAC name of the compound?

What is the action of the following reagent on ethanoic acid?LiAlH4/H3O+LiAlH_4/H_3O^+.

How do you convert the following?Toluene to Benzoic acid.

How are the following conversions carried out?2−methylbutan−1−012 - methylbutan-1-01 into 2−methylbutanoic acid2-methylbutanoic\ acid.

Find the final product of the reaction.

Identify the organic compound : HOOC−(CH2)2−COOHHOOC-(CH_2)_2 -COOH

Ketones can also be used as one component in the :

Give the IUPAC name of the given compound.

Which aldehyde smell like bitter almond?

Isopropyl alcohol convert into isobuteryic acid.

Find:

In the reaction sequence, [X][X] is: [X]KMnO4/⊖OH→HOOC−(CH2)3−CH3|C−H−COOH[X]\overset{KMnO_4/\overset{\ominus}{O}H}{\rightarrow} HOOC-(CH_2)_3-\overset{CH_3}{\overset{|}{C}}-H-COOH.

How will you convert Benzene to Benzoic acid?

Identify A and B

Write any two uses of 4040% solution of formaldehyde.

CH3CH2OHO→CH3CHOO→CH3COOHCH_3CH_2OH \xrightarrow {O} CH_3CHO \xrightarrow {O} CH_3COOH Give the oxidizing agent in the given reactions.

Write the structure of a nitrolic acid.

Identify the organic compound AA which is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular formula C2H4O2C_{2}H_{4}O_{2}. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet-smelling compound BB.

How will you convert 44-nitrotoulene to 22-bromobenzoic acid?

Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon compounds having functional group −COOH-COOH.

Write the structures of aldehydes that are obtained on ozonolysis of (i) but-1-ene and (ii) but-2-ene.

Name the product obtained when alcohol is added to a carbonyl group in presence of dry HCl{HCl}

Which product is formed ?

Convert : Ethentrityl →\rightarrow Ethanol

How is propanone converted into-(i) Propan - 2 - ol(ii) 2 - Methylpropan - 2 - ol?

Complete the reaction :

What is the action of acidified potassium dichromate on acetaldehyde?

NH3NH_3 and its derivative do not show nucleophillic addition reactions with aldehydes and ketone in high acidic medium. Justify.

Write the structures of the products of the given reaction:CH3−CH2−C|CH3HCHONaBH4→CH_3-CH_2-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}CH_CHO\xrightarrow{NaBH_4}

Image

Aldehydes are more reactive toward nucleophillic addition reactions than ketones. Justify.

Arrange the following compounds according to increasing order of their reactivity.acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzophenone

State what is formed when the compound is treated with H2SO4H_2SO_4, heat?

Conversion of acetic acid to acetone

The IUPAC name of succinic acid is Butane-1,4-dioic acid.
If true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Write chemical equations for the following conversions:
(i) Nitrobenzene to benzoic acid.
(ii) Benzyl chloride to 2-phenylethanamine.
(iii) Aniline to benzyl alcohol.

Give the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the following compounds:
(a) Formaldehyde
(b) Acetone.

Write the structure of the principal organic product formed in the reaction of 1-propanol with each of the following reagents: (i) Potassium dichromate $(K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7})$ in adqueous sulfuric acid, heat

Bring about the following transformation:
$Toluene \longrightarrow C_6H_5CH_2COOH$

What is the structure of $E$ ?

$CH_3CHO\xrightarrow[\Delta]{SeO_2}$
What is the product of this reaction:

A is an alkene. Identify the reactant $A$ in the above reaction.

Convert the above compound and note that $KMnO_4$ can cause cleavage of the ring in the presence of the activating (-OH) group.

(I) (II)
Convert I to II.

Propose structure/structures for the hydrocarbon that gives the following products on oxidative cleavage by $KMnO_4/H^\oplus$

Identify $E$ in the above reaction.

Identify (A) and (B) in the given sequence of reaction $PhCH_2CHO \overset{SeO_2}{\rightarrow}(A) \xrightarrow[(ii)H^+]{(i)con.OH^-}$ (B)

Draw the structure of the following compound:
4-Chloropentan-2-one

Draw the structures of following compounds:
p-Nitropropiophenone

Draw the structure of the following compound :

p,p'-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Draw the structure of the following compound.
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one

Draw structures of the following derivatives.
(i) The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde
(ii) Cyclopropanone oxime
(iii) Acetaldehydedimethylacetal
(iv) The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone
(v) The ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one
(vi) The methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than one carbon atom:
(i) Methyl benzoate (ii) m-Nitrobenzoic acid
(iii) p-Nitrobenzoic acid (iv) Phenylacetic acid
(v) p-Nitrobenzaldehyde.

Write the IUPAC name of the compound :

$\begin{matrix} C{ H }_{ 3 }- & CH & -C{ H }_{ 2 }- & C & -C{ H }_{ 3 } \\ & | & & || & \\ & OH & & O & \end{matrix}$

How can the following conversation be brought about:
Propanoic acid to ethylamine.

$\pi$ bonds are formed by the _ overlap of _ orbitals.

Give the structural formulae and IUPAC names of the following compounds
(a) Malonic acid
(b) Succinic acid.

How are the following compounds prepared?
Benzaldehyde from benzoyl chloride.

State the IUPAC names of the following compounds :
(i) $C{H}_{3} - C{H}_{2} - C{H}_{2} - OH$
(ii) $HCOOH$
(iii) $C{H}_{3} - C{H}_{2} - CH = C{H}_{2}$ .

Look at the picture and identify what happens. Support your answer with equations.
How is B formed from A?

How will you bring out the following conversion :
(i) Acetyl chloride to Acetaldehyde
(ii) Methanal to Ethanal.

Identify the substance underlined, in each of the following cases:
An organic compound containing - $COOH$ functional group.

What is the action of the following reagent on ethanoic acid?
$LiAlH_4/H_3O^+$ .

How do you convert the following?

Toluene to Benzoic acid.

How are the following conversions carried out?
$2 - methylbutan-1-01$ into $2-methylbutanoic\ acid$ .

Identify the organic compound : $HOOC-(CH_2)_2 -COOH$

In the reaction sequence, $[X]$ is:
$[X]\overset{KMnO_4/\overset{\ominus}{O}H}{\rightarrow} HOOC-(CH_2)_3-\overset{CH_3}{\overset{|}{C}}-H-COOH$ .

Write any two uses of $40$ % solution of formaldehyde.

$CH_3CH_2OH \xrightarrow {O} CH_3CHO \xrightarrow {O} CH_3COOH$
Give the oxidizing agent in the given reactions.

Identify the organic compound $A$ which is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular formula $C_{2}H_{4}O_{2}$ . This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet-smelling compound $B$ .

How will you convert $4$ -nitrotoulene to $2$ -bromobenzoic acid?

Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon compounds having functional group $-COOH$ .

Name the product obtained when alcohol is added to a carbonyl group in presence of dry ${HCl}$

Convert : Ethentrityl $\rightarrow$ Ethanol

How is propanone converted into-

(i) Propan - 2 - ol
(ii) 2 - Methylpropan - 2 - ol?

$NH_3$ and its derivative do not show nucleophillic addition reactions with aldehydes and ketone in high acidic medium. Justify.

Write the structures of the products of the given reaction:
$CH_3-CH_2-\underset{\underset{\,\,\,\,CH_3}{|}}CH_CHO\xrightarrow{NaBH_4}$

Arrange the following compounds according to increasing order of their reactivity.
acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzophenone

State what is formed when the compound is treated with $H_2SO_4$ , heat?

Write structures of the products of the following reactions:
(i) $CH_3-CH=CH_2 \xrightarrow []{H_2O/H}$
(iii) $CH_3-CH_2-\underset { |\\ CH_3 }{ CH } -CHO \xrightarrow []{NaBH_4}$

State whether the following statement is True or False:
Formic acid is not the typical acid of the monocarboxylic acid series.

State whether the following statement is True or False:
The IUPAC name of acetic acid is methanoic acid.

State whether the following statement is True or False:
Monocarboxylic acids are called fatty acids

Fill in the blanks:
Propionic acid and ethyl formate are _____ isomers.

Fill in the blanks:
Acid hydrolysis of alkyl nitriles gives ______

Complete the following equations by writing the missing (A), (B), (C), (D) etc
$\underset { Ethylene }{ { H }_{ 2 }C } \xrightarrow [ ]{ HBr } (A)\xrightarrow [ ]{ KCN } (B)\xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 }O/{ H }^{ + } } (C)$

How will you synthesise?
Crotonic acid from acetaldehyde

Answer the following:
Why the $C=O$ in $RCOOH$ is less reactive towards nucleophiles than in aldehydes and ketones?

How will you synthesise?
$\alpha$ - Hydroxy propionic acid from acetaldehyde

How will you synthesise?
Acetamide from acetone

Give the common and IUPAC names of the dicarboxylic acids, $HOOC{({CH}_{2})}_{n}COOH, n=0,1,2,3,4,5$

Complete the following equations by writing the missing (A), (B), (C), (D) etc
${ CH }_{ 3 }CHO\xrightarrow [ ]{ HCN } (A)\xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 }O/{ H }^{ + } } (B)\xrightarrow [ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } ]{ K_{ 2 }{ Cr }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 7 } } (C)$

Fill in the blanks :
The carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones undergoes ........... addition reactions.

Give the mechanism of :
(i) addition of HCN to acetaldehyde

Identify the (A), (B), in the following reactions sequence:
$(CH_3)_2C+O +C_6H_5NH_2 \xrightarrow {H^+ } (A) \xrightarrow [Heat] { H_3O^+} (B)$

Give the mechansim of :
(ii) Addition of HCN to acetone

Identify the unknown compounds:

$C_{6}H_{5}C\equiv CH \xrightarrow {NaNH_{2}, MeI} (A) \xrightarrow {Na/NH_{3}(l)} (B)$ .

Name the final product of the following reaction:
Phenol is treated with nitric acid in the presence of $H_{2}SO_{4}$ .

Complete the following equations:
$C_{6}H_{5}CH_{3}\xrightarrow {Air/ V_{2}O_{5}}$ .

How will you obtain?
Adipic acid from benzene.

How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene?
Benzene sulphonic acid.

Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of $HCOOH$ .

Write the IUPAC names of following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give common names also.
$Ph - CH = CH - CHO$

Write the IUPAC names of following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give common names also.
$CH_3(CH_2)_5CHO$

Write the structure of $2-$ hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Name the reagents used in the following reaction:

Oxidation of primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid.

Give the formula of the following functional groups
(a) Aldehyde
(b) Ketone

Do the following conversions in not more than two steps:
Propanoic acid to $2-$ hydroxypropanoic acid

Arrange the following compounds inn increasing order of their property as indicated:
$CH_3COCH_3, C_6H_5-CO-C_6H_5, CH_3CHO$ (reactivity towards nucleophilic addition reaction)

Which of the following are carboxylic acids:

$C_{2}H_{4}O_{2} , \quad C_{2}H_{4}O, \quad C_{2}H_{6}O, \quad C_{3}H_{6}O_{2}$

Write the structure of the following compound : $3-$ oxopentanal.

Give reasons:
Propanone is less reactive than ethanal towards nucleophilic addition reactions.

Propose the mechanism for the following reaction:
$CH_3\ CHO+\ HCN \xrightarrow [ ]{ { H }_{ 2 } } \begin{matrix} { CH }_{ 3 }- & CH- & CN \\ & | & \\ & OH & \end{matrix}$

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their reactivity in nucleopjilic addition reactions.
Benzaldehyde, $p-$ Tolualdehyde, $p-$ Nitrobenzaldehyde, Acetophenone.