Class 12 Engineering Chemistry - Chemistry In Everyday Life

Antihistamines have advantage over antacids in the treatment of acidity.
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Antacids contain weak bases that neutralize the acid in the stomach by reacting with them chemically to produce salt and water.

However, antacids provide only temporary relief as they act on the symptoms alone and not on the cause of gastritis. Hence, their effect can wear off quickly and they have to be taken continually to obtain relief.

In case of gastritis, the histamines bind to the receptors in the stomach wall and promote acidity.

Antihistamine drugs provide relief from the allergic effects of histamines by attaching themselves to the receptors and thus preventing histamines from binding to receptors present in the stomach wall. Thus, the histamines are prevented from causing chemical reactions resulting in lower acid production and therefore, better treatment.

Compare the effect of soaps and detergents on hard water.

Water that contains $$Ca^{2+}$$ and $$Mg^{2+}$$ ions is called hard water.When soap is added to hard water, insoluble compounds form which appear as sticky scum. This scum leaves a deposit on clothes, skin, and hair. You could have ring around the collar.Detergents have replaced soap for many cleaning jobs around the home.

The development of synthetic detergents by chemists was a great advantage for people with relatively hard tap water in their homes.

Why tin cans are used for storing food?

Tin cans, used for storing food, are made by electroplating tin onto iron.

Tin is less reactive than iron. Thus, food does not come into contact with iron and is protected from getting spoilt.

Name the following compound.
A salt which is used in the manufacture of glass and detergent.

Glass is manufacture using $$SiO_2, Na_2CO_3, CaO, MgO, Al_2O_3$$

Detergent is manufactured using $$Na_2, CO_3,$$ Alkyl benzene sulfonates.

The common salt is $$Na_2CO_3$$.

The chemical substances which relieve the pain either completely or partially are called antipyretics.
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The chemical substances, which relieve pain completely or partially are called analgesics. Antipyretics reduce the body temperature.

Antibodies are used to prevent bacterial growth.
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What are antipyretics? Give an example.

Antipyretics are the compounds which are used for the purpose of reducing fever.
eg. Aspirin, Paracetamol

What are antioxidants? Give two examples.

The substances that act against oxidants arc called antioxidants. Antioxidants thus minimize the damage caused by oxidants. Antioxidants protect us against cardio vascular disease, cancer and cataract and they slow down the effect of ageing.
eg : Vitamin C, Vitamin E and $$\beta$$ - Carotene.

What are antioxidants? Give example.

The substances that act against oxidants are called antioxidants. Antioxidants thus minimise the damage caused by oxidants. Antioxidants protect us against cardiovascular disease, cancer and cataract and they slow down the effect of ageing. The most important antioxidants are vitamin C, vitamin E and b-carotene. Anti oxidants act as radical inhibitors. These anti oxidants can be used as food preservatives. Vitamin E is a naturally occuring preservative found in vegetable oil.

Explain the following:
(a) Antiseptics
(b) Artificial sweetening
(c) Antacids

(a) Antiseptics:
These are drugs applied to living tissues to kill the bacteria and to stop their growth in wound and prevent infection. They do not heal the wound. They prevent the infection. Examples include dettol, tincture iodine, bithional, iodoform, boric acid and phenol.

(b) Artificial sweetening agents:
They do not occur in nature but are synthesized in the laboratory. They have sweet taste but no food value. Examples include saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose and akitame.

(c) Antacids:
These are basic compounds used to neutralise excess stomach acid. They control the symptoms and not the cause. Examples include sodium bicarbonate and metal hydroxides of magnesium and aluminium.

Mention any two differences between soap and synthetic detergent.

1. The fundamental difference between soaps and detergent is that soaps are produced from natural ingredients, while detergents are made from synthetic sources.

2. Soaps are made from fat and alkali by the saponification method and detergent are carbonic compounds that are not alkaline.

3. Soaps are biodegradable and do not pollute rivers and streams whereas detergents (which contain branched chains) are non-biodegradable.

In what way antacids are important? Give an example.

Antacids: Certain drug formulations provide relief from burning sensation in stomach caused due to the imbalance in the acidity in the stomach. These are known as antacids. (eg): magnesium and aluminium hydroxides.

GIve reason: Antacid tablets are used by a person suffering from acidity.

The antacid is a base which neutralizes excess of acid in the stomach. During digestion of food, the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid. Sometimes there is hyperacidity due to excessive secretions of hydrochloric acid. These acids are neutralized by antacids.

What are drugs?

Drugs are substances which are used to for purpose of diagnoses, prevention, cure and relief from pain.

Medicines are the type of drugs.

What are Anti-oxidants? Why are they added to fat and oil containing foods?

Anti-oxidants : These are the substances which do not react with air and do not help in oxidation process.

They are added to the fat and oil containing food to stop the oxidation of fat and oil molecules with air. For eg: preservatives, nitrogen.

Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds:

Esterification

$$1.$$ Reaction in which carboxylic acid react with alcohol in concentrated $$H_2SO_4$$

$$2.$$ It forms a fruity smelling compound ester.

$$C_2H_5OH+CH_3COOH\overset {Concentrated\quad H_2SO_4}{\longrightarrow}CH_3COOC_2H_5+H_2O$$

Saponification

$$1.$$ reaction in which ester reacts with Alkali solution.

$$2.$$ It forms compound called soap.

$$CH_3COOOC_2H_5+NaOH\longrightarrow C_2H_5OH+CH_3CO\overset {\circleddash}{O}Na$$

Explain Saponification of oil/fats with equation.

Saponification is a process that involves the conversion of fat or oil into soap by the action of heat in the presence of alkyl hydroxide.
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Write the charecteristics of an ideal drug?

The characteristics of an ideal drug are:

1) It should not disturb the psychological processes

2) It should apply only at the place wanted.

3) It should be harmless to hosts but should destroy harmful bacteria

4) It should have minimum side effects

Name the following:
Name the acid used as a flavour and to preserve food

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Intake of more food than necessary causes _______.

Intake of more food than necessary cause obesity. The stomach of person swells like a balloon. The person becomes lazy to work.

The chemical substances used to bring down body temperature in a high fever are known as:

Antipyretics are chemical substances used to bring down body temperature in a high fever. These reduce body temperature by internal Mechanism of body.

For example: Paracetamol.

Define chemotheropy?

Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.

Chemotherapy may be given by mouth, injection, or infusion, or on the skin, depending on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. It may be given alone or with other treatments, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or biologic therapy.

You are provided with a fine white coloured powder which is either sugar or salt. How would you identify it without tasting?

Following property can be used :

1. Dissolve salt and sugar separately in alcohol, sugar will be dissolved in it while salt will not be dissolved.

i) Heat these salts separately, sugar will melt readily while salt will not.

(iii) Dissolve these two separately in water. The salt solution will conduct electricity due to the presence of $$Na^+$$ ion and $$Cl^-$$ ion while the sugar solution will be a non-conductor.

The statement 'Reserpine is a powerful tranquilizer' is: true or false

The statement is true. Reserpine is a powerful tranquilizer which is used for the treatment of stress and mental diseases. It lowers the concentration of serotonin in the brain and other tissues.It effects the central nervous system and induce sleep to the patient.

What are soaps and detergents?

Soap is an anionic surfactant and these are water soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids and these are made from fats and oils. Other anionic as well as nonionic surfactants are main ingredients in detergents. Saponification of fats and oils is used in soap making process which is the neutralization of fatty acids with alkali.

What type of forces are involed in binding of substrate to the active site of enzyme?

Substrates bind to the active site of the enzyme through a variety of interactions such as-
1) Ionic bonding
2) Hydrogen bonding
3) Vander Waals interactions
4) Dipole-Dipole interactions

Both antacids and anti allergic drugs are antihistamines hence, they can be use in place of each other.
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Anti allergic drugs are antihistamines. However, antacids are not antihistamines. Hence, they cannot be use in place of each other.

Anti allergic drugs or antihistamines are used in case of allergy as the allergy reactions are due to liberation of histamine in the body. Antacids are used to remove acidity in stomach. The excess acid can be neutralized by using antacids such as sodium bicarbonate, magnesium and aluminium hydroxide.

Hyperacidity causes ulcer development in stomach.
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Hyperacidity causes ulcer development in stomach.
Hypracidity is due to excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid.
The excess acid can be neutralized by using antacids such as sodium bicarbonate, magnesium and aluminium hydroxide. Thus, antacids are used to remove acidity in stomach.

Receptors are located in cell membrane.
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Receptors are located in cell membrane. They are crucial to communication system and are composed of macromolecules like nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, etc, in the cell membrane.

Match the detergents given in column l with their uses given in column ll

(A) Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide is a cationic detergent. It is used in hair conditioners.
(B) Sodium dodcyl benzene sulphonate is an anionic detergent used in toothpaste.
(C) $$C_{17}H_{35}CO\overset{-}{O}\overset{+}{N}a+Na_2CO_3+Rosin$$ is used in laundry soap.
(D) $$CH_3(CH_2)_{16}COO(CH_2CH_2O)_nCH_2CH_2OH$$ is a non-ionic detergent used in dishwashing powder.

Match the soaps given in column I with items given in column II.

(A) Soap chips are small broken pieces of soap formed from melted soaps
(B) Soap granules are dried miniature soap formed bubbles
(C) Soap powder is soap powder + builders like $$Na_2CO_3$$ and $$Na_3PO_4$$
(D) Scouring soap is soap powder + abrasives + builders $$(Na_2CO_3, Na_3PO_4)$$

Match structures given in column I with the type of detergents given in column ll.

Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two different varieties have been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups. Basically they contain sulfonate ions.
Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophobic component, but, instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary ammonium as the polar end. The ammonium center is positively charged.
Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside.
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid.The process of preparing a soap is called 'saponification'.
Hence, $$A-3,\ B-4,\ C-2,\ D-1$$.

Many insects, such as ants, inject formic acid, a weak acid, when they bite or sting. Describe the type of compound that should be used to treat the bite.

A weak base should be used to treat the bite. It will neutralize the acid

Explain antacids with a suitable example.

Antacids are the chemical substances which neutralize excess acid in the gastric juices and give relief from acid indigestion, acidity, heartburns and gastric ulcers.

Antacids remove excess acid and raise the pH to an appropriate level in the stomach.

Some commonly used antacids are baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate), aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate etc.

Explain the following term with a suitable example:
Food preservatives

Food preservatives are the chemical substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage and to retain their nutritive value for long periods.

For example, the common salt, sugar, oils and spices provide a medium that resists the activity of microorganisms in food. Salting is the preservation of food by adding sufficient amount of salt. It is used for the preservation of raw mango, amla, beans fish and meat.

Calamine solution is applied on the skin when an ant bites. Explain why?

Ants when bite injects an acid which causes a burning sensation, calamine solution is basic in nature. It neutralizes the acid and gives relief from pain.

An antacid tablet is taken when a person suffers from acidity. Explain why?

Antacids are bases. When there is excess of acids in stomach, antacids are taken. They neutralise the acids and give relief.

Drugs interact with the active sites on enzyme and accelerate the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
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Answer 0

Drugs interact with the active sites on enzyme and inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme. A drug molecule with a structure that closely resembles that of the substrate, intermediate, or product of a particular enzymatic reaction is able to enter and bind (through noncovalent interactions) to the enzyme's active site. This 'imposter' molecule, as long as it stays in the active site, will prevent the real substrate from entering and therefore will prevent the enzyme from catalyzing its reaction.

Agonist can mimic natural chemical messengers
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Answer 1

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response. These drugs mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor.

Drugs which act as competitive inhibitors, preferentially attach to the active sites prior to substrate molecules.
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Answer 1

Competitive inhibitors, interact with the active sites on enzyme and accelerate the catalytic activity of the enzyme. a molecule with a structure that closely resembles that of the substrate, intermediate, or product of a particular enzymatic reaction is able to enter and bind (through noncovalent interactions) to the enzyme's active site. This 'imposter' molecule, as long as it stays in the active site, will prevent the real substrate from entering and therefore will prevent the enzyme from catalyzing its reaction.

Agonist can help transfer of message to receptors
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Answer 1

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.

Antihistamines are neurologically active drugs and affect the message transfer mechanism.
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Answer 0

Analgesics and tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs and affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. Antihistamines are drugs that inhibit the action of histamine in the body by blocking the receptors of histamine.

Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs and affect the message transfer mechanism.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs and affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor.

Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress and mild or even severe mental diseases. So the correct option is 1.

The chemical substances which relieve the pain either completely or partially are called agonist
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Answer 0

The chemical substances which relieve the pain either completely or partially are called analgesic. An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.

Agonist can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme
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Answer 0

An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response. An inverse agonist can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme, it is an agent that binds to the same receptor binding-site as an agonist for that receptor and inhibits the constitutive activity of the receptor.

Emulsifiers prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.
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Answer 0

Oil and water don’t mix but they do form emulsions. Emulsifiers are the chemicals that make emulsions happen. Nature uses proteins and phospholipids, and many emulsifiers used in modern food production are based on these natural substances. Antioxidants are the chemical substances prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.

Excess salt is responsible for ulcers.
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Answer 0

The decrease in the stomach's mucus lining that leads to an ulcer is usually caused by one of the following: an infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen.

Excess salt uptake is also harmful. Salt puts up our blood pressure. Raised blood pressure (hypertension) is the major factor which causes strokes, heart failure and heart attacks.

Excess cholesterol is responsible for ulcers.
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Answer 0

When there is too much cholesterol in the blood, it builds up in the walls of arteries, causing a process called atherosclerosis, a form of heart disease.

Antifoaming agents prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.
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Answer0

Antioxidants prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food. Anti-foaming agents are the additive used to prevent formation of foam or is added to break a foam already formed.

Antioxidants prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.
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Answer 1

Antioxidants prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food. An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction involving the loss of electrons which can produce free radicals. In turn, these radicals can start chain reactions.

Why should not medicines be taken without consulting doctors ?

Drugs have several side effects. Drug overdose may be fatal due to toxicity.
Thus, due to harmful and poisonous nature of a drug, it should not be taken without proper medical advice.

Define the term chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in the body.

It is most often used to treat cancer since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body.

Name the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.

The macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In medicinal chemistry, target molecules or drug targets refer to the key molecules that are involved in certain metabolic pathways leading to certain diseases. These target molecules are inhibited when the drug molecules bind to the active sites.

Distinguish between Soap and detergent.

SOAP	DETERGENT
$$1.$$ Sodium salt of Carboxylic acids	$$1.$$ Sodium salts of benzene sulphonic acids.
$$2.$$ Soaps are bio-degradable	$$2.$$ Some detergents are non- biodegradable
$$3.$$ Soaps do not lather in hard water	$$3.$$ Detergent lather well in hard water
$$4.$$ Weak cleansing action	$$4.$$ Have strong cleansing action

Explain the term, target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.

In medicinal chemistry, target molecules or drug targets refer to the key molecules (such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are involved in certain metabolic pathways leading to certain diseases. These target molecules are inhibited when the drug molecules bind to the active sites.

Why do we need to classify drugs in different ways ?

We need to classify drugs in different ways because different types of classification to drugs may be helpful for people belonging to various fields, such as scientists, drug manufactures, students, chemists, etc.
Thus, the knowledge of the pharmacological effect makes the job of doctors easy. Also, correct medicine can be given as first aid in case of emergency.
For example- When there is acidity, we can use antacid.

State one method by which oxygen is removed from the air.

All living organisms respire. Cells need and use the energy that is formed through this process to assist with life processes for organisms to survive and reproduce. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are the main gases involved in aerobic respiration.

Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks ?

The use of aspartame is limited to cold foods and drinks as aspartame becomes unstable at cooking temperature.

Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogen carbonate or magnesium or aluminium hydroxide ?

Sodium hydrogen carbonate or magnesium or aluminum hydroxide neutralize the excess HCl present in the stomach. They do not treat the root cause for the release of excess acid..
Cimetidine and ranitidine control the root cause of acidity and decrease the amount of acid released by stomach.
Note: Acidity is due to the release of excess acid which in turn is due to the interaction of histamine with receptors in the stomach walls.

What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give two examples.

Chemicals that sweeten food are called artificial sweetening agents. They do not add calories to our body. They do not harm our body. Examples include aspartame, saccharin, sucrolose and alitame.

Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.

Saccharin, alitame and aspartame are the sweetening agents used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.

What are food preservatives ?

Food preservatives (synthetic or naturally occurring) are added to food (or pharmaceuticals, paints, biological samples, woods etc.) to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.

Explain the following terms with suitable examples.
(i) cationic detergents
(ii) anionic detergents and
(iii) non-ionic detergents.

(i) Cationic detergents : Quaternary ammonium salts of acetates, chlorides or bromides in which the cationic part has a long hydrocarbon chain and N atom has positive charge are cationic detergents.

Example includes cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.

(ii) Anionic detergents: Sodium alkyl sulphates and sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates are anionic detergents.
Examples include sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium stearyl sulphate, etc.

(iii) Non-ionic detergents: They do not contain ions. They are esters of alcohols with high molecular mass.
They can be prepared by the reaction between stearic acid and polyethylene glycol.

Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes ?

The forces involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes can be any one of the following:
(i) Ionic bonds
(ii) Hydrogen bonds
(iii) Dipole-dipole interactions
(iv) Van der Waals forces

Due to hectic and busy schedule, Mr. Angad made his life full of tensions and anxiety. He started taking sleeping pills to overcome the depression without consulting the doctor. Mr. Deepak, a close friend of Mr. Angad, advised him to stop taking sleeping pills and suggested to change his lifestyle by doing Yoga, meditation and some physical exercise. Mr. Angad followed his friend's advice and after few days he started feeling better.
After reading the above passage, answer the following:
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr. Deepak?
(ii) Why is it not advisable to take sleeping pills without consulting doctor?
(iii) What are tanquilizers? Give two examples.

i) The following values are displayed by Mr. Deepak:

a) Care and concern: He cared for his loved being Mr. Agnad.

b) Knowledge: Gave advice for the effective counter for stress and anxiety.

ii) Sleeping pills are prescribed by doctors as stress and pain reliever. It is prescribed by doctors because it has several side effects which affect the brain and nervous system.

iii) A tranquilizer refers to a drug which is designed for the treatment of anxiety, fear, tension, agitation, and disturbances of the mind, specifically to reduce states of anxiety and tension.

Ex - Equanil, chlordiazepoxide.

Explain the following terms giving one example of each type:
(i) Antacids
(ii) Disinfectants
(iii) Enzymes

(i) An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach.

eg: sodium hydroxide carbonate a mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide, ranitidine etc.

(ii) Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to the surface of non-living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects.

eg: Phenol,chlorine in concentration of $$0.2$$ to $$0.4$$ pm in aqueous solution $$SO_2$$ etc.

(iii) Enzymes are protein molecules in cells which work as catalysts. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body but do not get used up in the process. Almost all biochemical reactions in living things need enzymes. With an enzyme, chemical reactions go much faster than they would without the enzyme.

Examples are lactase,alcohol dehydrogenase and $$DNA$$ polymerase.

Due to hectic and busy schedule, Mr. Angad made his life full of tensions and anxiety. He started taking sleeping pills to overcome the depression without consulting the doctor. Mr. Deepak, a close friend of Mr. Angad advised him to stop taking sleeping pills and suggested to change his life lifestyle by doing yoga, meditation and some physical exercise. Mr. Angad followed his friends advice and after few days he started feeling better. After reading the above passage, answer the following.
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr. Deepak?
(ii) Why is it not advisable to take sleeping pills without consulting doctor?
(iii) What are tranquilisers? Give two examples.

(i) The following values are displayed by Mr. Deepak:

(a) Care and concern: He cared for the well-being of his friend Mr. Angad.

(b) Knowledge: He suggested his friend effective measures to counter stress and anxiety.

(ii) Sleeping pills are prescribed by doctors to patients in stress, pain or depression. It should not be taken without a prescription or a doctor's consultancy because these pills have several side effects. Sleeping pills slow down the functioning of the brain and the nervous system.

(iii) Transquilizers are those class of organic compounds that are neurologically active drugs. They perform their function by inhibiting the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor. They induce a sense of well being and are used in the treatment of stress, anxiety, irritability and mental diseases. Their examples are iproniazid, equanil, phenelzine.

Both soap and detergent are some type of salts. What is the difference between them? Describe in brief the cleansing action of soap. Why do soaps not form lather in hard water? List two problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.

1. Most soap is made from natural ingredients such as coconut oil and potassium hydroxide. Detergents often contain synthetic ingredients such as dyes, sodium laureth sulfate, disodium phosphate and fragrances.

2. Most of the dirt is oily in nature and oil does not dissolve in water. The molecule of soap constitutes sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. In the case of soaps, the carbon chain dissolves in oil and the ionic end dissolves in water. Thus the soap molecules form structures called micelles. In micelles, one end is towards the oil droplet and the other end which is the ionic faces outside. Therefore, it forms an emulsion in water and helps in dissolving the dirt when we wash our clothes.

3. When soap is mixed with hard water, the calcium and magnesium salts displaces the salts of sodium and potassium present in the soap and forms scum which is not soluble. Hence soaps are not effective in hard water for washing clothes.

4. Demerits: a. Detergents are non-biodegradable.

b. Detergents are harsh on skin as compared to soap.

The 8 : 8 type of packing is present in___________?($$MgF_2$$ $$, CsCl$$)

In Cesium chloride crystal lattice (CsCl), Each $$Cs^+$$ is surrounded by 8 $$Cl^–$$ at the corners of each cube.

So, the $$Cs^+$$ coordination number is 8.

Each $$Cl^–$$ is also surrounded by 8 $$Cs^+$$ at the corners of a cube.

So, the $$Cl^–$$ has coordination number equals to 8.

(i) Name the sweetening agents used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient?
(ii) What are antibiotics? Give an example?
(iii) Give two example of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets?

(i) Saccharin, sucralose

(ii) Antibiotics are the chemical substance produced wholly or partly by chemical synthesis, which in low concentrations, either kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organism by intervening in their metabolic processes. A few examples of antibiotics are chloramphenicol,ofloxacin, penicillin.

(iii) Biomolecules such as carbohydrates, protien, lipids, and nucleic acids are choosen as drug targets.

What is the cause of a feeling of depression in human beings? Name a drug which can be useful in treating this depression.

Depression is a condition in which there is imbalance in the brain's signaling chemicals. The causes of depression are not fully understood. However, there are several theories about what this imbalance actually is and which signaling chemicals are involved. Moreover, a variety of distressing life situations are also associated, including early childhood trauma, a job loss, the death of a loved one, financial troubles, or a divorce. The inability to achieve one's goal and extra work may cause the level of noradrenaline low, as a result the signal-sending activity becomes low. Tranquilizers such as Equanil can help in treating depression.

Which class of drugs is used in sleeping pills?

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, such as zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), and eszopiclone (Lunesta), these drugs are used to treat sleeplessness.

Seeing the growing cases of diabetes and depression among young children, Mr. Chopra the principle of one reputed school organised a seminar in which he invited parents and principle. They all resolved this issue by strictly banning junk food in schools and introducing healthy snacks and drinks like soup, lassi, milk etc. in school canteens. They also decided to make compulsory half an hour of daily physical activities for the students in the morning assembly. After six months, Mr. Chopra conducted the health survey in most of the schools and discovered a tremendous improvement in the health of the students.

After reading the above passage, answer the following questions:
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr. Chopra?
(ii) As a student, how can you spread awareness about this issue?
(iii) Why should antidepressant drugs not be taken without consulting a doctor?
(iv) Give two examples of artificial sweeteners.

(i) The values displayed by Mr.Chopra are:
(a) social awareness
(b) concern for students health

(ii) Awareness can be spread by performing nukkad natak in community displaying posters cartoons and slogans and by conducting seminars.

(iii) Antidepressant drugs have lots of side-effects like indigestion, headache, stomach aches, drowsiness, weight gain. etc. That is why it should not be taken without a consultant with doctors.

(iv) Examples of artificial sweeteners are aspartame, saccharin, sucralose, etc.

On the occasion of World Health Day, Dr. Satpal organized a 'health camp' for the poor farmers living in a nearby village. After check-up, he was shocked to see that most of the farmers suffered from cancer due to regular exposure to pesticides and many were diabetic. They distributed free medicines to them. Dr. Satpal immediately reported the matter to the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). On the suggestions of NHRC, the government decided to provide medical care, financial assistance, setting up of super-speciality hospitals for treatment and prevention of the deadly disease in the affected villages all over India.
(i) Write the values shown by (a) Dr. Satpal (b) NHRC?
(ii) What type of analgesics are chiefly used for the relief of pains of terminal cancer?
(iii) Give an example of artificial sweetener that could have been recommended to diabetic patients.

(i) (a) Dr. Satpal organized a health camp for poor families in a village. This shows that he is an altruist.

(b) NHRC realised its responsibility and intimated government on the health issue of villagers and suggested immediate actions to be taken by the government.

(ii) Narcotic analgesics are chiefly used for the relief of pains of terminal cancer.

(iii) Saccharin is an artificial sweetner which could be recommended to diabetic patients.

Which one of the following is a food preservative?
Equanil, Morphine, Sodium Benzoate

Sodium benzoate is a food preservative whereas equanil is a transquilizer and morphine is narcotic analgesic.

Why is bithional added to soap?

Bithional is added to the toilet soap to remove the bad odour produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on soap imparting antiseptic properties.

(i) Give two examples of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.
(ii) What are antiseptic? Give an example.
(iii) Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and soft drinks?

(i) Enzyme and receptor are the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.

(ii) Antiseptics : These are applied to the living tissues such as wounds, cuts and diseased skin surfaces.

Example : Furacine and soframicine.

(iii) Aspartame is the most useful artificial sweetner. Its use is limited to cold foods and softs drinks because it is unstable at cooking temoerature.

What are food preservatives? Name two such substances.

Most foods contain enzymes or natural chemicals, such as acids or alcohols, that cause them to begin to lose desirable characteristics almost immediately after harvest or preparation. In addition, a host of environmental factors, such as heat and the presence of microorganisms, acts to change foodstuffs in ways that may harm the food product. Food preservation traditionally has three goals: the preservation of nutritional characteristics, the preservation of appearance, and a prolongation of the time that the food can be stored. Traditional methods of preservation usually aim to exclude air, moisture, and microorganisms, or to provide environments in which organisms that might cause spoilage cannot survive. Sodium benzoate and sodium sorbate are two examples of chemical food preservatives.

Mr. Roy, the principal of one reputed school organized a seminar in which he invited parents and principle to discuss the serious issue of diabetes and depression in students They all resolved this issue by strictly banning the junk food in school and to introduce healthy snacks and drinks like soup, lassi, milk etc in school canteens. They also decided to make compulsory half an hour physical activities for the students in the morning assembly daily After six months, Mr, Roy conducted the health survey in most of the schools and discovered a tremendous improvement in the health of students.
After reading the above passage, answer the following:
(i) What are the values (at least two) displayed by Mr.Roy?
(ii) As a student, how can you spread awareness about this issue?
(iii) What are tranquilizers ? Give an example.
(iv) Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks?

(i) Mr. Roy allowed concern for the health of the students and caring in nature and aware towards the harmful effects of junk food.
(ii) As a student, I can spread awareness regarding diabetes and depression among students by conducting seminars, health camps, debates, distribution of pamphets and workshop by doctors to highlight the needs to follow healthy eating.
(iii) Tranquilzers are neurologically active drugs that induce a sense of well being and are used to treat stress, anxiety and mild or severe mental disease. They perform their function by inhibiting the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor e.g.,equanil, meprobamate and iproniazid etc.

Can you remove the shell of an unboiled egg without boiling, keeping the egg's thin membrane intact? If yes, explain.

We can remove the shell of an unboiled egg without boiling by placing it in vinegar ($$CH_3COOH$$ solution). This eliminates the calcium carbonate present in the outermembrane and keeps the egg's thin membrane intact.

Iodine is used as an antiseptic in the form of _________ solution.

Iodine is usually used in an alcohol solution (called tincture of Iodine) or as Lugol's iodine solution as a pre and post operative antiseptic. Some people do not recommended disinfecting minor wounds with iodine because they induce scar tissue formation.

What are detergents chemically? List two merits and two demerits of using detergents for cleansing. State the reason for the suitability of detergents for washing, even in the case of water having calcium and magnesium ions.

Detergents are chemically ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain of carboxylic acids.

Merits:

1. They work in hard water.

2. They are better than soap having stronger cleansing action.

Demerits:

1. They are non-biodegradable.

2. They are harmful to skin.

Detergents are usually alkyl benzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap that does not form an insoluble precipitate with calcium and magnesium ions like soaps making it suitable for washing, even in the case of hard water.

How is detergent industrially manufactured?

Long-chain hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid. Then they are neutralized with sodium hydroxide. The sodium salt, thus, obtained is detergent.

Antioxidants are added to foods containing fats/oil. Why?

An antioxidant is a chemical that prevents oxidation. Oils are particularly prone to oxidation and are said to become 'rancid' when they do. Most of us find the odor of 'rancid' oil bad(or worse) and therefore it is considered undesirable. Consequently, it is quite common to add antioxidant to oils(oily food).

Similarly, fats can also undergo oxidation which can make them unpalatable. Thus antioxidants are added in them.

(a) Why do diabetic persons require artificial sweetening agents?
(b) Write the name of a food preservative. How does it preserve food?
(c) Give the name and formula of a cationic detergent.

(a) Diabetic persons require artificial sweetening agents as these have sweet taste but no food value. They go directly through the human digestive system without being digested.

(b) Salt is a food preservative. It controls the growth of fungus while food storage. It results in difference in concentration of salts between the cell and the food. Due to this, osmosis occurs and a cell (micro-organism) loses water, dies or remains dormant or ceases.

(c) n-hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (or cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride) is a cationic detergent.
Its formula is $$\displaystyle (CH_3-(CH_2)_{14}-CH_2-N(CH_3)_3)^+Cl^-$$.

Define antioxidants. Draw structure of BHT.

A substance when added in food to prevent its retardation or oxidative deterioration is called as antioxidants.

Structure of BHT (refer image).

a) What tranquilizers? Write the name of any mild tranquilizer?
b) How food preservatives works. Give an example of food preservative?
c) Why do soaps not work in hard water?

a) Tranquilizers:
Tranquilizer is used to relieve or reduce stress and anxiety leading to calmness. It affects the transfer of message mechanism from nerve to receptors. Examples include iproniazid, phenelzine, equanil, valium, chlordiaepoxide, veronal, meprobamate and serotonin.

b) Food preservatives work either by physical methods or by chemical methods. Physical methods include addition/removal of heat, removal of water or by irradiation. Chemical methods include addition of sugar/salt/vinegar or certain chemicals such as sodiumbenzoate, salts of sorbic acid and propionic acid.

c) Soaps not work in hard water. hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions. Soap reacts with these ions to form calcium and magnesium salts which are insoluble in water and form sticky scum. This results in wastage of soap and also it damages fibers of clothes.

Write physical methods of food preservation.

In order to slow down the spoilage process and thus keep foods for a longer period, a wide range of preservation methods are applied to foods. Different physical methods of preservation are used, including.
By removal of heat(cooling): It involves refrigeration, dehydrofreezing preservation or carbocation. By freeze preservation the storage life of food is increased, like fresh fruits, vegetables etc. Cooling leads to lowering of temperature which recents the growth of micro-organisms.
By addition of heat: It includes stationary and agitating pasteurization or sterilization. Preservation by addition of heat is the earliest most common method. It is also known as canning or heat processing. On a large scale, solid and liquid foods such as milk are preserved by this method as heating kills the micro-organisms.
By removal of water(Dehydration): By sun drying, freeze drying and low temperature evaporation, water is removed from the food which results in the prohibition of growth of micro-organisms. Example: Fruits, food grains and various types of vegetables are preserved by this method.
By UV radiation: High energy electromagnetic radiation or UV radiation is used to prevent the growth of micro-organism in food. These radiations control the growth of micro-organisms without inducing radioactivity in food. Example: Bakery products.

a) How drugs can be classified according to different criteria? Write the name of each?
b) How anti histamines work? Give an example of any anti histamine?
c) Write the structural formula of any sleep producing barbiturate?

a) Drugs can be classified according to following different criteria.
(i) Classification based on pharmacological effects of the drugs:
Analgesics, antacids, tranquilizers, antibiotics and antiseptics.
(ii) Classification based on action of drugs on a particular biochemical process:
Painkillers, antiarthritis medicines, local anaesthetic agents, etc.
(iii) Classification based on chemical structure:
Alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, esters, amides, lactones, phenols, etc.
(iv) Classification based on molecular targets:
Target biomolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

b) Histamine in the stomach stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Antihistamines prevent the interaction between histamine and receptors in the stomach wall, releasing less amount of acid. Histamine contracts smooth muscles and relaxes other muscles of blood vessels of stomach walls, it is a potent vasodilator. Examples of Antihistamines include ranitidine, cimetidine, terfenadine (Seldane), brompheniramine (Dimetapp) etc.

c) The structural formula of sleep producing barbiturate Luminal is as shown in the image.

What is a 'soap'? How is it prepared?

Soaps : Soaps are generally mixtures of sodium and potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. For effective cleansing action of soap, its fatty acid unit must contain $$12$$ to $$18$$ carbon atoms. Soaps with less than $$12$$ carbon fatty acids are comparatively soluble in water whereas soaps containing more than $$22$$ carbon atoms are not useful because of their insolubility in water.
Preparation : Shaving creams, shampoos etc. are mostly potassium soaps.
Soaps are usually obtained by the hydrolysis of oils and fats with sodium or potassium hydroxide.
Transparent soaps are prepared by dissolving ordinary soaps in alcohol and then removing the insoluble part by filtration. The solid transparent mass is obtained on evaporating off alcohol.

(a) What is anionic detergent? Write an example.
(b) Why are chemicals added to food? Write any two reasons.
(c) Write any one difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics.

(a) Aanionic detergents have anions at the soluble ends of the chains. They are sodium salts of sulphonated long chains of hydrocarbons or alcohols. Examples include sodium n-dodecyl benzene sulphonate and sodium lauryl sulphate.

(b) Chemicals added to food to make food palatable, attractive and to increase its shelf life. Variety of chemicals are added to food like preservatives, colours, flavors, stabilizing agents, antioxidants, artificial sweeteners etc.

(c) Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria whereas narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against either gram positive or gram negative bacteria.

What are antacids? Give an example.

Antacid is a base which neutralizes excess of acid in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid is secreted by stomach during digestion. Due to hyper-acidity, excess amount of hydrochloric acid is secreted. Antacids such as sodium bicarbonate and magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide neutralize the excess stomach acid. Antacids control the symptoms but not cause.

Explain the following:
(a) Disinfectants
(b) Food preservatives
(c) Tranquilizers

(a) Disinfectants:
They are applied to non living objects to kill the micro-organisms. They are used in public health sanitation, floors, to sterlise instruments, etc. Examples include chlorine, sulphur dioxide, phenol, dettol etc.

(b) Food preservatives:
They are added to food to inhibit, retard or arrest the process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of food by growth of microbes. Examples of food preservatives include sugar, salt, vinegar, sodium benzoate, salts of sorbic acid and propionic acid etc.

(c) Tranquilizers:
They relieve or rduce the stress and anxiety which leads to calmness. They affect the transferring of message mechanism from nerve to receptor. Examples of tranquilizers include equanil, valium, chlordiazepoxide, veronal, meprobamate and serotonin.

Define a drug. What are the characters of an ideal drug?

Drug is a substance which is used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, cure or relief of a disease.
The characters of an ideal drug:
(i) It should not disturb physiological processes.
(ii) It should be harmless to host but should destroy harmful organisms.
(iii) It should be localized to affected site.
(iv) It should have minimum side effects.

What is the difference between a soap and a synthetic detergent?

Difference between soap and synthetic detergent:

Soap	Synthetic detergent
Soap is manufactured from lye and fat.	Synthetic detergents are made fro petroleum products.
Soaps are biodegradable.	Synthetic detergents are non-biodegradable.
Soaps don't produce lather with hard water and are not able to clean the cloth.	Detergents clean the cloth even in hard water.
A lot of water is needed to remove soap from the cloth.	Detergents are removed very easily so less quantity of water is needed.
E.g.- $${C}_{17}{H}_{35}COONa$$	E.g.- $${C{H}_{3} {\left( C{H}_{2} \right)}_{10}C{H}_{2}OS{O}_{3}}^{-}{Na}^{+}$$

What are artificial sweetening agents? Give example

What are artificial Sweetening agents? Give one example

What are artificial sweetening agents and food preservatives? Give one example of each.

Artificial sweetening agents:
These are chemicals that do not occur in nature but are synthesized in the laboratory. They have sweet taste but no food value.
Examples include saccharin, aspartame, sucrulose and alitame.

Food preservatives:
These are substances, when added to food, are capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting, the process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of food by growth of microbes.
Examples include salt, sugar, vinegar, sodium benzoate, salts of sorbic acid and propionic acid etc.

Define anti-histamines. Give one example

Anti-histamines prevent the interaction between histamine and receptors in the stomach wall, releasing less amount of acid. Examples of anti-histamines include ranitidine, cimetidine, terfenadine (seldane) and bromopheniramine (dimetapp).

What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give example.

What are food preservatives? Give example

Food preservatives:
These are substances, when added to food, are capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting, the process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of food by growth of microbes.
Examples include salt, sugar, vinegar, sodium benzoate, salts of sorbic acid and propionic acid etc.

An organic compound (A) of molecular formula $$C_2H_6O$$ on oxidation with alkaline $$KMnO_4$$ solution gives an acid (B) with the same number of carbon atoms. Compound A is used as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds, in hospitals. Identify A and B. Write the chemical equation involved in the formation of B from A.

(i) $$A$$ - Ethanol & $$B$$ - Ethanoic acid

(ii) $$C_2H_50H + 2(O)(oxygen) \longrightarrow CH_3COOH (acetic acid) + H_2O$$

What is Saponification?

The process of preparing soap is called saponification, and it is also defined as the process of hydrolyzing oil or fat with bases such as $$NaOH$$ or $$KOH$$ to obtain soap is called saponification.

List the uses of detergents.

Detergents cleanse well even in hard water. The builders present in them form soluble calcium and magnesium salts. They cleanse well even in acidic medium.

Mention the essential material (chemicals) to prepare soap in the laboratory. Describe in brief the test of determining the nature (acidic/ alkaline) of the reaction mixture of saponification reaction.

The essential materials used are:

Vegetable oil
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium chloride

It is alkaline in nature as it has free alkali ions and hence the soap solution is slippery to touch.

What is the role of following chemicals in food?
i) Saccharin
ii) Sodium benzoate

i) Saccharin is artificial sweetening agent. It has sweet taste but no food value. It goes directly through the human digestive system without being digested. It is 550 times more sweet than can sugar.

ii) Sodium benzoate is a food preservative. It is classified under chemical methods of food preservation. It is added to food to inhibit, retard or arrest the process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of food by growth of microbes.

Explain allosteric inhibition with an example.

An allosteric inhibitor by binding to allosteric site alters the protein conformation in the active site of an enzyme, which consequently changes the shape of the active site.

What is the role of these as food additives?
i) Sodium benzoate
ii) Aspartame

i) Sodium \: benzoate is used as a food preservative. It is classified under chemical methods of food preservation. It is added to food to inhibit, retard or arrest the process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of food by growth of microbes.

ii) Aspartame is an artificial sweetening agent. It is about 100 times sweeter than the cane sugar. It is used in cold foods as it is unstable at higher temperature. It has sweet taste but no food value.

What is the action of mixture of $$NaNO_2$$ and dil. $$HCl$$ on
(a) Ethyl amine, (b) Aniline, (c) Diethyl amine
How is nylon 6, 6 prepared?
What are 'antacids'?
Write any 'two' side effects of tranquilizers.

The action of mixture of $$NaNO_2$$ and dil. $$HCl$$ on
(a) $$Ethyl \: amine$$
$$Ethyl \: amine$$ reacts with a mixture of $$NaNO_2$$ and dil. $$HCl$$ to form $$\displaystyle ethyl \; alcohol$$, $$\displaystyle water$$ and $$\displaystyle nitrogen $$ gas.
$$\displaystyle C_2H_5-NH_2+HNO_2 \xrightarrow {273-278K}C_2H_5-OH +H_2O+N_2 \uparrow$$

(b) $$Aniline $$
$$Aniline $$ reacts with a mixture of $$NaNO_2$$ and dil. $$HCl$$ to form $$\displaystyle benzene \: diazonium \: chloride$$, $$\displaystyle water $$ and $$\displaystyle NaCl$$.
$$\displaystyle Ph-NH_2+NaNO_2+2HCl \xrightarrow {273-278K} Ph-N_2^+Cl^- +2H_2O+NaCl $$

(c) $$Diethyl \: amine$$
$$Diethyl \: amine$$ reacts with a mixture of $$NaNO_2$$ and dil. $$HCl$$ to form $$\displaystyle N-nitroso \: diethyl \: amine$$ and $$\displaystyle water$$
$$\displaystyle (C_2H_5)_2-NH+HNO_2 \xrightarrow {273-278K}(C_2H_5)_2-N-N=O +H_2O $$

Preparation of $$nylon 6, 6$$:
$$\displaystyle \epsilon - Caprolactum$$ is heated at 533 K in an inert atmosphere. It polymerises to form $$nylon-6$$.
$$\displaystyle \epsilon - Caprolactum \xrightarrow [N_2]{533 \: K} -[CO(CH_2)_5-)NH-]_n$$

'Antacid': A base that neutralizes excess of acid in stomach. For example, $$sodium \: bicarbonate$$, $$magnesium \: hydroxide$$ and $$aluminium \: hydroxide$$.

The side effects of tranquilizers include headache, weight gain.

What are food preservatives? Give an example.

A preservative is a substance or a chemical that is added food and beverages to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.

Natural food preservatives comes the salt, sugar, alcohol, vinegar etc.

Explain saponification of oils/fats with equation.

The saponification of oils/fats is the alkaline hydrolysis of triacylglycerides to give glyceral and soap (sodium salt of higher fatty acid). Thus in presence of NaOH, ester is hydrolysed to alcohol and sodium salt of carboxylic acid.

Define the following:
a) Cationic detergents
b) Broad spectrum antibiotics
c) Tranquilizers

(a) Cationic detergents contain a long-chain cation that is responsible for their surface-active properties.

(b) Broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria.

The substance which lowers the acidity of stomach is called ______________.

The substance which lowers the acidity of stomach is called antacid. Antacid is a base and neutralizes excess acid in stomach.It controls the symptoms and not the cause. Examples of antacid include $$\displaystyle sodium \: bicarbonate$$, $$\displaystyle magnesium \: hydroxide$$ and $$\displaystyle aluminum \: hydroxide$$

Match each of the items given in List $$I$$ by selecting suitable items from List $$II$$.

Antacid reduces acidity in stomach.

An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.

Antipyretic lowers body temperature.

Antiseptic controls germs.

Explain the following with one-one example
(i) Antiseptic
(ii) Antacid
(iii) Sulpha drug
(iv) Antifertility
(v) Antipyretic.

(i) Antiseptic: Chemical substances which prevent the growth of microorganism or kill then are called antiseptics. These are not harmful to human living tissue these are applied to cuts, wounds, alsars, diseased skin surface some common example of antiseptics are: Detol, Sevlon, Tinchar, Iodine etc.
(ii) Antacid: These are the chemical substances which nutrilize the excess acid and the race the pH to an appropriate level in the stomach the most commonly used anta acid are weak base such as sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide etc.
(iii) Sulpha drug: Like antibotics sulpha drugs are used to kill microorganism there are prepared inaboratory for ex: Sulphadizine.
(iv) Antifertility: Chemical substances which are used to control pragnency in women are called antifertility or birth control drugs. All these drug contain chemical relative to female sex harmones and steroids. Ex: Etynylesh adiol, Norethindrene.
(v) Antipyretic: Chemicals used to reduce the body temperature during fever are called antipyretic Ex: Asprin, Paracetamole.

What is soap? Explain the preparation of soap giving chemical equation.

Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid(stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid). Sodium soap is present in washing soap, while potassium soap is present in bathing soap.
Preparation of soap:
On heating with sodium hydroxide, vegetable oil or animal fat forms a sodium salt of fatty acid and glycerol. This process is known as saponification.
vegetable oil or Animal fat $$+$$ Sodium hydroxide $$\overset{Saponification}{\underset{\Delta}{\longrightarrow}}$$ Glycerol $$+$$ Sodium salt of fatty acid(Soap)

(a) Give two names of artificial sweeteners.
(b) Give definition of antibiotic and one example.
(c) Give definition of antihistamine drug with name and uses.

(a) Artificial Sweeteners: (i) Aspartame, (ii) Saccharin.
(b) Definition of Antibiotic: The chemical substances which are produced by some microorganisms and can be used to inhibit the growth or even kill the other micro organisms which cause the infection are called antibiotics. Example: Penicillin.
(c) Name of Antihistamine drug: Chlorpheniramine promethazine are common antihistamine drugs.
Uses: These drugs are used to control the energy effect produced by histamines.
They are used in asthma itching, skin irritation, sneezing etc. are induced in the body.
Definition: Drugs which prevent the production of histamine and fight against the allergy effect are called antihistamines.

Explain Tranquilizers?

Tranquilizers : Tranquilizers are the chemical substances which influence the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension. They are used to wire mental diseases. These drugs make the patient passive and help to control emotional problems. These drugs if taken for long, make the person habitual.
Example - Equanil, Barbituric acid Luminal Seconal.

Some substances and their uses are given in the table. Match them suitably.
Substance Use
Antacids Pesticide
Benedict's solution To test glucose
Thermosetting Plastics To give blue colour to glass
Cobalt Oxide To make switch board
Tobacco extract To reduce acidity

Antacids: To reduce acidity

Benedict's solution: To test glucose

Thermosetting Plastics: To make switch board

Cobalt Oxide: To give blue colour to glass

Tobacco extract: Pesticide

What are Detergents? How are they considered better than soap?

Detergents are sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acids. The ionic group in soaps is $$\displaystyle SO_3^-Na^+$$.

Soaps forms salts in hard water that are insoluble, and will form "scum" on the surface of the water. Detergents are less likely to form alternate salts, but when they do these salts that form are soluble. Hence,
Detergents are considered better than soap.

Allegra, a common prescription drug with the structure shown below., is given for treatment of seasonal allergies. How many stereogenic carbon does Allegra possess?

Correct Answer: 1

Explanation:

A stereogenic center refers to a chiral carbon.
A chiral carbon is the one that shows optical isomerism, i.e., it deflects plane-polarized light when passed through its solution.
For carbon to be chiral, it should be $$sp^{3}$$ hybridized and it must have four different groups connected to it.
There is one chiral carbon in Allegra, which is marked in red in the structure:

Hence, the number of stereogenic centers in $$Allegra$$ is $$1$$.

(a) Differentiate between soap and detergents.
(b) Why pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid?
(c) What is covalent bond? Write two properties of covalent compounds.

SOAPS	DETERGENTS
Soaps are the sodium salts of long chain carboxylic acids.	Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain benzene sulfonic acids or alkyl sulfate.
They contain sodium carboxylate (COONa) group.	They contain sodium sulfate (SO3Na) group.
Soaps are prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats.	Detergents are prepared from hydrocarbons of petroleum or coal.
Soaps form a non-soluble precipitate called scum with hard water due to the reaction between calcium and magnesium of the hard water with the soap anions.	Detergents donot form any precipitate even in hard water because the hydrophilic head region of the detergent moiety does not react with the hard water ions.
Soaps react to form scum in hard water, due to which they cannot be used in hard water.	Detergents donot react with hard water, hence can be used with hard water.
Soaps are less effective in hard water.	Detergents are effective, both in hard and soft water.
Soap is biodegradable.	Detergents are non-biodegradable.
Soaps donot pose danger to the ecosystem; they are environmentally safe.	Detergents form thick foams over water bodies which kill the aquatic animals; they are environmentally unsafe.

Table 1: Difference between Soaps and Detergents (Answer to question 'a')

(b) Acetic acid solidifies to ice at the temperature of 16.7 degrees Celsius, which is just less than the room temperature. Due to this solidifying property of acetic acid, it is often known as glacial acetic acid. For acetic acid to form crystals (ice) at cooler temperatures it must be undiluted i.e. contain less than 1% of water, meaning it must be anhydrous.

(c) The bond formed between two atoms by the virtue of sharing a pair of electrons is called as a covalent bond. The forces involved in covalent bonding are electrostatic forces of attraction between the two atoms.

Properties of covalent bonds include:-

1. Solubility; covalent compounds are usually insoluble in polar solvents (water). They are however soluble in non-polar solvents like benzene, toulene, chloroform, hexane etc.

2. Low melting and boiling points; molecules of the covalent compounds are are held by weak forces which can be easily overcome by application of heat. Thus, covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.

(a) What is detergent?
(b) Explain the causes of Ozone depletion.
(c) Draw a labelled diagram of 'Khadin water harvesting system' and write any two measures of water conservation.

Figure 1: Khadin water harvesting system.

a) Detergent is a surfactant or a clearing agent which helps to remove dirt/ grease from porous surfaces, like clothes etc. The working of a detergent depends upon its amphipathic nature. Detergents contain two components; a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

When the detergents are mixed in water, they aggregate forming special structures called as micelles. The formation of micelles is dependant on the concentration of the detergent in the aqueous media (water), or critical micellar concentration (CMC). CMC is defined as the concentration at which micelle begin to form.

At high concentrations (of the detergent), the polar hydrophilic region of each molecule is oriented towards the polar solute i.e. water, whereas the hydrophobic moities aggregate together; the whole structure thus formed is called as 'micelle'.

The cleaning action of detergents is due to the binding of these micelles to the cloth stains, thereby decreasing the surface tension and increasing miscibility of the surface (stain).

Depending upon the form of the hydrophilic group, detergents can be classified as follows:

1. Anionic detergents,

2. Cationic detergents,

3. Non-ionic detergents, and

4. Zwitterionic detergents.

Detergents have a high applicability value. They are used to wash clothes, vary the solubility of formulations, proteins etc., in stabilization, crystallization, denaturation of proteins and changing the surface properties of liquids.

b) Ozone is a colourless gas made from three oxygen molecules. This gas is found in the earth's stratosphere i.e. uppemost atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbs the harmful ultraviolet rays and thus protects these rays from reaching the earth's surface. Ozone layer depletion is one of the most major environmental concerns. The depletion of the ozone layer leads to serious issues like global warming, melting of polar ice caps, health hazards including skin cancers etc.

The main causes of ozone depletion are as follows:

1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

These are the group of compounds containing halogens like chlorine and fluorine . Such substances are found in the emissions of vehicles, by-products of industrial processes, aerosols and refrigerants. These substances when released in the atmosphere, travel above upto the stratosphere, wherein they undergo breakdown followed by the release of chlorine gas which further reactswith ozone. This reaction causes depletion of the ozone layer. CFCs amount to 80% of the total ozone layer depletion factors. The CFCs are used in refrigeration, air conditioning and plastic foam manufacturing.

2. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

The HCFC compounds are formed by H, Cl, F and C atoms. They are the substitutes for CFCs. They cause less depletion of ozone layer as compared to the CFCs.

3. Halons

These are the compounds formed by Br, F and C. Bromine is a more potent ozone depleting agent as compared to chlorine. Halons are used in the manufacturing of fire extinguishers and its use is also banned in some countries which are affected by ozone depletions.

4. Methyl bromide

Contains bromine and is used as a pesticide, depletes the ozone layer.

5. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

CCl4 is an industrial agent used as a solvent found to have ozone depleting and carcinogenic effects.

6. Air pollution due to vehicular emissions, low temperature and the presence of halogens in the atmosphere are the other causes of ozone depletion.

c) The Khadin water harvesting system (see figure 1) was first designed by the Paliwal brahmins of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan in the 15th century. Khadin, commonly known as dhora is an ingenious construction designed to harvest surface runoff water of agriculture.Khadin consists of earthen embankments built across the lower hill slopes lying below gravelly uplands. Excess water is drained off by spillways and sluises. This system is based on the principle of watre harvesting for farmland and its use for crop production.

Two measures for water conservation:

1. Fix all the leaky pipes and connections.

2. Close taps tightly after use.

Why is the of aspartame limited to cold food and soft drinks?

Aspartame becomes unstable at cooking temperature. This is the reason why it's use is limited to cold foods and soft drinks.

Cisplatin compound is used in the treatment of which disease?

Cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug, is best known for curing testicular cancer. It is also used in the treatment of a wide range of other cancers, including lung, bladder, cervical, and ovarian cancers.

What are antacids?

$$\bf{Hint:}$$ The medicines used for reducing acidity in the stomach are known as $$Antacids$$

$$\bf{Explanation:}$$

• $$Antacid$$ neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve indigestion in the stomach.

• It is a form of medicine used to help restore the $$pH$$ $$balance$$ in your stomach.

• There are many types of $$Antacids$$: $$Tums$$, which is chemically known as $$Calcium$$ $$Carbonate$$ $$(CaCo_3)$$.

• In $$Antacids$$ the combination can use: $$Magnesium$$, $$Calcium$$, and $$Aluminium$$ salts.

• Examples of $$Antacids$$: $$Pepto-Bismol$$, $$Aluminium$$ $$Hydroxide$$ $$gel$$ etc.

Define Antioxidants.

Antioxidant is a substance which when added to food, retards or prevents oxidative deterioration of food. Examples of antioxidants include BHT, BHA, sulphur dioixde and sulphite.

Write the uses of saccharin ?

Saccharin is the artificial sweetener widely used in food industry. Diabetic patients use saccharin as it goes directly through the human digestive system without being digested. Saccharin is 550 times more sweet than cane sugar.

Why hard water does not form later with soap? What advantages has soap over detergents.

Hard water is the term for water with a lot of dissolved calcium and magnesium, the calcium and magnesium reacts with the fatty acids in soap to form an insoluble scum preventing the detergent effect of the soap. When the scum dries on washed clothing it makes them stiff (hence the term hard water) and uncomfortable.

Advantages of soaps over detergents are as follows:-

1. Soaps are made from natural fats and oils so are fully biodegradable hence do not pollute water as compare to detergents.

2. Soap is cheaper and readily available.

3. Soap works well for cleaning of clothes in soft water.

What are anionic detergents? Give an example.

Anionic Detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. They have anions at the soluble ends of the chains.
E.g: Sodium Lauryl sulphate and sodium n-dodecyl benzene sulphonate.

What are bio-hard and bio-soft detergents? Give one-one illustration of each.

The term bio-hard and bio-soft detergents are given to indicate the biodegradability of the detergents. Hard detergents are highly resistant to primary biodegradation and their surfactants properties are not reduced upon biological treatment. Sodium -4- (1, 3, 5, 7- Tetra Methyl Octyl) Benzene Sulphonate is a hard detergent.

Soft detergents, on the other hand, can be broken down to smaller elements upon microbial action. Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonic Acid detergents are soft detergents.

Give an example each for (a) Artificial sweetening agents (b) Narcotic analgesics.

a. Ortho - Sulphobenzimide[Saccharin] is an artificial sweetening agent. It is 550 times more sweet than cane sugar.
b. Morphine or Heroin or Codeine are narcotic analgesics. They depress central nervous system and reduce pain. These drugs cause addiction.

Write the chemical equation for saponification. Also give the limitations of soap.

Saponification is the name for a chemical reaction for the formation of soap between fatty acid and a base to form a salt (the soap).

Limitations of soap:

1. Do not form lather (foam) in hard water. They form scum

2. Scum formation makes washing of clothes difficult and also affects color of the fabric.

3. Not suitable for certain fabrics such as silk, wool as the base spoils these fabrics.

Give reasons for following:
Dry $$HCl$$ does not change the colour of the dry blue litmus paper.
Antacid tablets are used by a person suffering from stomach pain.
Toothpaste is used for cleaning teeth.

1. To change the color of blue litmus paper to red, there must be a presence of acid. Dry $$HCl$$ gas is not acidic because water is required for the dissociation of $$HCl$$ into $$H^+$$ and $$Cl^-$$. Therefore, dry $$HCl $$ gas is not acidic and will not change the color of dry blue litmus paper.

2. Antacid tablets generally consist of magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide which are mild bases. They react chemically with the excess hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach and neutralize its effect.

3. The toothpaste contains some basic ingredients and they help in neutralizing the effect of the acid and also in increasing the pH of the mouth. Thus toothpaste help in checking corrosion of enamel and decay of teeth.

Why do we require artificial sweetening agents?

We require artificial sweetening agents as they are sweet in taste but they have no food value. They go directly through the digestive tract without being digested. It helps diabetic patients to eat sweet food without adding any extra sugar in their body.

Study of effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature, concentration, time etc.)

When potassium bisulphite is dissolved in water, it forms a sulfurous acid. The acid lowers the pH of the food, which helps inhibit the growth of harmful organisms, including bacteria such as E. coli, as well as yeast and mold. The bisulphite also prevents browning or discoloration of food Potassium bisulphite is more stable than potassium sulfite. In humid conditions, however, the dry salt may oxidize and lose some of its antimicrobial power.

What are Food Additives? Why are they used?

Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by picking (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as with wines. With the advent of processed food in the second half of the twentieth century, many more additives have been introduced, or both natural and artificial origin. Food additives also include substance that may be introduced to food indirectly(called indirect additives) in the manufacturing process, through packaging, or during storage or transport.

Which of the following gases is used as preservative in juice of fruits & jams?

Sodium benzoate is a common preservative in acid or acidified foods such as fruit juices, syrups, jams and jellies, sauerkraut, pickles, preserves, fruit cocktails, etc. Yeasts are inhibited by benzoate to a greater extent than are molds and bacteria.

A detergent $$\left( { C }_{ 14 }{ H }_{ 29 }{ SO }_{ 4 }^{ - }{ Na }^{ + } \right) $$ solution becomes a colloidal sol. at a concentration of $${ 10 }^{ 3 }$$M on an average $${ 10 }^{ 15 }$$ colloidal particles are present in $${ 100mm }^{ 3 }$$. What is the average number of ions are contains in one colloidal particle(micelle):$$\left( { N }_{ A }=6\times 10^{ 23 } \right) $$

$$10^{3}M\rightarrow 10^{3}$$ mol in $$1L$$

$$\therefore $$In $$100mm^{3}\rightarrow (10^{3}\times 10^{2}\times 10^{-6})$$

ions $$=10^{-1}N_{A}$$

$$=6\times 10^{22}$$

Avg $$10^{15}$$ particles

$$\therefore $$ No. of ions in 1 particle $$= \dfrac{6\times 10^{22}}{10^{15}}$$

$$=6\times 10^{7}$$

Why does some liquid medicines kept in dark coloured bottles ?

Some liquid medicines are kept in dark coloured bottles this is because some liquid medicines can react to the light but when they are kept in coloured bottles these help to prevent the medicines to come in contact with the light.

Example: Chloroform when comes in contact with light, it forms phosgene which is poisonous gas. Thus it is stored in an amber colour bottle.

Why do we need to classify drugs in different ways?

We need to classify drugs in different ways because different drugs are effective against the particular micro-organism responsible for the disease. Drugs can be classified in the following ways:

(i) On the basis of the pharmacological effect.

(ii) On the basis of action on a particular biochemical process.

(iii) On the basis of chemical structure.

(iv) On the basis of molecular targets.

Write structure of Aspartame.

Aspartame is the name of artificial, non- carbohydrated sweetener, $$aspartyl-phenyl$$ $$alanine-1-metyl$$ $$ester$$.
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Which vitamin deficiency in human blood increases blood clotting time?

Vitamin K is used by our body to help blood clot. Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. By helping the blood clot, Vitamin K might decrease effectiveness of warfarin.

Vitamin K deficiency in human blood increases blood clotting time.

Write the short note on the following.
Esterification Reaction
Saponification Reaction
Soap and detergents

(i) Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants form an ester as the reaction product.

Example:-

$$O$$ $$O$$

$$\underset {\text{acetic acid}}{CH_3-\overset {||}{C}-OH}+\underset {ethyl-alcohol}{HO-C_2H_5} \xrightarrow [413K]{conc.H_2SO_4}\underset {\text{ethyl acetate}}{CH_3-\overset {||}{C}-O-C_2H_5}+H_2O$$

(ii) Saponification:- It is the act, process or result of making soap by conversion of fat or oil.

Example:- (Refer to Image)

(iii) Soap and detergent:-

$$\rightarrow$$ Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.

$$\rightarrow$$ A detergent is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds used as a cleaning agent.

$$\rightarrow$$ Soaps are produced from natural ingredients while detergents are made from synthetic sources.

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Write an example of food preservative.

Food preservative is used to preserve food from bacterial growth. Examples of food preservatives are Benzoates, Nitrites, Sulphites, etc.

What are synthetic detergents?

Synthetic detergent is any synthetic substances, other than soap, that is an effective cleanser and functions equally well as a surface active agent in hard water or soft water. It is a non-soap cleanser that exerts its effect by lowering the surface tension of the aqueous cleansing mixture.

These reagents are used for washing clothes biological reagents.

Identify the functional group in the following detergent molecule. $$CH_3-(CH_2)_{10}- CH_2OSO_3^{-}Na^+$$

The detergent molecule is-

$$CH_3-(CH_2)_{10}- CH_2-O-SO_3^{2-}Na^+$$

Here the hydrocarbon chain which is hydrophobic in nature is $$CH_3-(CH_2)_{10}-CH_2-$$

The functional group is hydrophillic in nature is $$-SO_4^{2-}$$.

Cholera is caused by ________.

Cholera is caused by bacteria called vibrio cholerae. A bacterial disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration, usually spread in water. It is fatal, cannot treated right now.

How can detergents be made environment friends?

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What is a soap?

Soaps are usually either sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. They are usually made by combining $$NaOH$$ or $$KOH$$ with animal fat, vegetable oil or even acetic acid.

Ex. $$C_{17}H_{35}COONa,\ CH_3 COONa,\ CH_3 (CH_2)_{14}CO_2Na$$

Fill in the blank :

A scum of soap and calcium solution is ___________than the soap solution.

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Sweet tooth may lead to decay'.Explain why? What is the role of tooth paste in preventing cavities?

Remains of the sweets being taken may be present in between the teeth and bacteria acts on them at night producing an acid that causes decay of the enamel of the teeth. Toothpaste contains certain bases that help in destroying these bacteria and neutralising this acid, thereby preventing tooth decay.

How will you test in the laboratory, whether the given sample of water is hard or soft ?

By testing with soap. Hard water does not lather readily with soap and soft water readily gives lather with the soap

What are vaccines ? Who developed the first vaccine ?

Vaccines are the live or inactivated pathogen purified antigen or recombinant peptide, which could elicit immune response in body against particular pathogen. Edward Jenner first time developed vaccine for small pox.

What is the difference between molecule of soaps and detergent chemically? Explain the cleaning action of soap.

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What happens when vegetable oils are hydrogenated? Name the catalyst used.

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Name two plants parts where nickel is present.

Leaves and roots.

What is the partition chromatography?

The partition chromatography is the basic principle involved in many separation techniques like high performance liquid chromatography and gaschromatography. Partition chromatography is basically understood as a method of separation of solutes utilizing the partition of the solutes between two liquid phases.

Among the given nutrients, milk is a poor source of

Vitamin C

Which is the gas used for making vegetables and vanaspathi from vegetable oils?

Hydrogen gas is used for making vegetables and vanaspathi from vegetable oils. it is colourless, odourless, tasteless, flammable gaseous substance, it is added to oils to make them more solid or spreadable.

The use of hydrogenation helps to prolong the shelf life of the food and maintain flavour stability.

Why does the flow of acid rain water into a river make the survival of aquatic life in the river difficult?

It makes the survival of aquatic life difficult because when the substances of acid rain mix with the water gain the substances and it becomes acidic and so no life is possible in acidic water so it is difficult for the aquatic life to survive in acidic water.

There are two jars A and B containing food materials food in far A is pickied with acetic acid while B is not food of which jar will stale first ?

Surely A because acids preserve food and also since the environment inside the jar A will be acidic, maybe the bacteria/viruses won't be able to grow

In three test tubes A, B and C, three different liquids namely, distilled water, underground water and distilled water in which a pinch of calcium sulphate is dissolved, respectively are taken. An equal amount of soap solution is added to each test tube and the contents are shaken. In which test tube will the length of the foam (lather) be longest?
Justify your answer.

Test tube $$A$$ contains distilled water which is considered as soft water which has no free ions, and thus the length of foam in test tube $$A$$ will be longest.

Test tube $$B$$ contains underground water which contains ions like $${Mg}^{+2}, \; {Ca}^{+2}$$, etc. which reacts with soaps to form salts of fatty acids called scum which is insoluble in water and thus the length of foam will be less as compared to that in test tube $$A$$.

Test tube $$C$$ contains distilled water with $$CaS{O}_{4}$$, which contains $${Ca}^{+2}$$ ions which reacts with soaps to form salts of fatty acids, i.e., scum and thus the length of foam in test tube $$C$$ will be less as compared to that in test tube $$A$$.

Hence the length of foam in test tube $$A$$ will be longest.

(A) Write any two difference between Soap and detergent
(B) In which work saccharine is used

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What will happen to 'pooris' and 'unused kneaded flour' if they are left in the open for a day or two?

Unused kneaded flour if kept open for a longer time in warm condition, these may get affected by the microbes which take part in fermentation, and thus these microbes may spoil the food or its texture.

But it's not necessarily true for pooris as they are deep fried in the oil and may sustain for longer time than the floor.

Define the following terms with a suitable example of each:
a) Tranquilizers
b) Antibiotics
c) Non-ionic detergents

Tranquilizer $$\rightarrow$$ Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress and mild or even severe mental diseases.

Ex- Phenelzine, equanil, etc.

Antibiotics $$\rightarrow$$ These are the substances which in low concentrations inhibit the growth of microorganisms or destroy them by intervening in their metabolic processes.

Ex- Ofloxacin, tetracycline, etc.

Non-ionic detergents $$\rightarrow$$ Non-ionic detergents do not contain any ion in their constitution.

Ex- detergent formed when stearic acid reacts with polyethyleneglycol is an example of non-ionic detergents.

What are metal hydroxide better alternatives than sodium hydrogen carbonate in antacids?

Metal hydroxide is a better antacid because being insoluble it does not allow the $$pH$$ to increase above neutral. while $$NaHC{O}_{3}$$ being soluble, its excess can make the stomach alkaline and trigger the production of even more acid.

Fill in the blanks.
Phenacetin, paracetamol and methacetin are used as .....

Phenacetin, paracetamol and methacetin are used as antipyretic drugs.

Fill in the blanks.
....... is used for the treatment of typhoid.

Chloramphenicol is used for the treatment of typhoid.

Fill in the blanks.
Equanil is used as a .....

Equanil is used as tranquillizer.

Fill in the blanks.
Substances which lower body temperature in high fevers are called .....

Antipyretics are chemical substances used to bring down body temperature in a high fever. These reduce body temperature by internal Mechanism of body. For example: Paracetamol.

Fill in the blanks.
Chloroquine is an ..... drug.

Chloroquine is a medication primarily used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to its effects.

Hence, Chloroquine is an antimalarial drug.

Give one use of each of the following.i. Morphine, ii. LSD, iii. Streptomycin, iv. Saccharin.

$$Morphine :-$$

This medication is used to treat severe pain. Morphine belongs to a class of drugs known as opioid analgesics. It works in the brain to change how your body feels and responds to pain.

$$LSD :-$$

LSD is a mind-altering drug. It is thought LSD causes it's characteristic hallucinogenic effects via interaction with the serotonin receptors in the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps control your behavior and mood, governs your senses, and moderates your thoughts.

$$Streptomycin:-$$

Streptomycin belongs to a class of drugs known as aminoglycoside antibiotics. It works by killing the organisms that cause the infection.

$$Saccharin:-$$

Saccharin is used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies, cookies, and medicines.

Fill in the blanks:
Aspirin is an _ derivative of .

Aspirin can be derivative of acetyl or Salicylic acid.

Ans- Acetyl/ Salicylic acid.
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What is the general name of the chemicals which are added to fat and oil containing foods to prevent the development of rancidity.

The general name of the chemicals which are added to fat and oil containing foods to prevent the development of rancidity is "Anti-oxidants".

Name two anti-oxidants which are usually added to fat and oil containing foods to prevent rancidity.

Two anti-oxidants which are usually added to fat and oil containing foods to prevent rancidity is BHA (Butylated Hydroxy Anisole) and BHT (Butylated Hydroxy Toluene).

What are competitive inhibitors ?

The drugs which compete with the natural substrate or coenzyme for active site and thus inhibit the enzyme activity are called competitive inhibitors.

Mention the pharmacological effect of most sulphonamides.

Most of the Sulphonamides are antibacterial.

Which preservative is present in cold drinks?

The most commonly used preservative in cold drinks in sodium benzoate which is the sodium salt of benzoic acid. some carboxylic acids are also used as preservatives.

Which acid is present in vinegar added to vegetable chowmein?

Ethanoic acid (also called acetic acid ) is present in vinegar.

Give an example of an alkylbenzenesulphonate detergent.

Sodium 4-(2-dodecyl) benzenesulphonate.

Why are detergents preferred over soaps ?

Unlike soaps, detergents can be used even in hard water because unlike sodium salts, calcium and magnesium salts of sulphonic acids are soluble in water.

What is the chemical composition of cationic detergents ?

Cationic detergents are mostly acetates or chlorides of quaternary amines.

Name an artificial sweetener which is derivative of sucrose.

An artificial sweetener which is derivative of sucrose is sucralose.

What is the nature of an antacid ?

Substances which reduce the release of excess HCI by preventing the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall are called antacids. The most commonly used antacids are cimetidine and ranitidine.

State a reason for the following statement :
Soaps do not work in hard water.

In hard water, soaps get precipitated as calcium and magnesium soap which being insoluble in water stick to the clothes as gummy mass.

The cleansing action of synthetic detergents is not affected by hard water. Mention the reason for the same.

The anions of synthetic detergents do not precipitate in the presence of $$Ca^{2+}$$ and $$Mg^{2+}$$ ions.

Why is glycerol added to shaving soaps ?

Glycerol is added to shaving soaps to prevent rapid drying.

Name a few artificial sweeteners.

Few artificial sweeteners are saccharin, aspartame, alitame, etc.

Name an antacid which prevents the formation of acid in the stomach.

Cimetidine or ranitidine prevents the formation of acid in the stomach.

What is the scientific explanation for the feeling of depression ?

A person suffers from depression when he has low levels of noradrenaline. Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in mood changes. Low levels of noradrenaline lower the signal sending activity and make the person suffer from depression.

State a reason for the following statement :
The use of the sweetener aspartame is limited to cold foods and drinks.

The use of the sweetener aspartame is limited to cold foods and drinks because aspartame is unstable at cooking temperature.

Why do soaps not function in hard water, for washing clothes ? How are synthetic detergents better than soaps for this purpose ?

Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions. Therefore, in hard water soap gets precipitated as calcium and magnesium soap which being insoluble stick to the cloth as gummy mass. Hence, soap cannot be used with hard water.

$$\underset{Soap}{2C_{17}H_{35}COO^{-}Na^{+}} + CaCl_2 \rightarrow 2NaCl + \underset{Insoluble \,calcium \,stearate (Soap)}{(C_{17}H_{35}COO)_2Ca}$$

On the other hand, calcium and magnesium salts of detergents are soluble in water so they easily form lather with hard water.

If the soap has high alkali content it irritates the skin. How can the amount of excess alkali be determined ? What can be the source of excess alkali ?

Acid-base titration can be used to determine the excess amount of alkali in soap. The excess alkali left after hydrolysis of oil can be the source of alkalinity in soap.

Give reasons for the following:
Soaps are biodegradable whereas detergents are non- biodegradable.

Soap molecules have straight hydrocarbon chains which are easily degraded by bacteria present in the sewage water. On the other hand, detergent molecules have branched hydrocarbon chains which are either not attacked or slowly attacked by bacteria present in sewage water.

Give one important use for the following in the Pharmacy.
Equanil

Equanil is a tranquilizer. It is used for removing depression and hypertension.

Give one important use for the following in the Pharmacy.
Morphine.

Morphine is an alkaloid. It is used as an analgesic.

Why are certain drugs called enzyme inhibitors ?

Enzymes have active sites that bind the substrate for effective and quick chemical reaction. The functional groups present at the active site of enzyme interact with functional groups of substrate via ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction, etc. Some drugs interfere with this interaction by blocking the binding site of enzyme and prevent the binding of actual substrate with enzyme. This inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme, therefore, these are called inhibitors.

What are the functions performed by histamine in the body ?

Histamine is a potent vasodilator. It contracts muscles in the gut and bronchi. It relaxes some other muscles, e.g., in the walls of blood vessels. Histamine is also responsible for congensation in the nose associated with common cold and allergies. Also, histamine simulates the release of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Answer the following question:
How does the branching of hydrocarbon chain of synthetic detergents affect their biodegrability ?

Less branching of hydrocarbon chain leads to easy biodegradability of the detergent.

Explain the following type of substance with one suitable example :
Cationic detergents

These detergents are called cationic detergents because large part of their molecules are cations and it is the cationic part of the molecule which is involved in the cleansing action. Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a cationic detergent and used in hair conditioners. Cationic detergents have germicidal properties and are expensive, therefore, these are of limited use.

What are synthetic detergents? Give one example.

Synthetic detergents are cleansing agents, which have all the properties of soaps but actually do not contain any soap. These can be used in both soft water and hard water as they produce foam even in hard water. These are mainly classified into three categories:
$$\cdot$$ Anionic detergents, e.g., sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate
$$\cdot$$ Cationic detergents, e.g., cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide
$$\cdot$$ Non-ionic detergents, e.g., polyethylene glycol stearate

What is a Food preservative? Give one example.

Food preservatives are the chemical substances which are added to food materials to prevent their spoilage due to microbial growth and to retain their nutritive value for long periods. Preservatives prevent the rancidity of food and inhibit growth or kill the microorganisms. The most common preservatives used are sugar, vegetable oil, sodium benzoate, salts of ascorbic and propanoic acid.

Describe the following giving one example:
Detergents

Synthetic Detergents: These are the cleansing agents which have all properties of soaps, but actually do not contain any soap. These can be used both in soft and hard water as they give foam even in hard water. Synthetic detergents are of three types, namely anionic, cationic and non-ionic.

i. Anionic detergents: These are so named because large part of their molecules are anions and it is the anionic part of the molecule which is involved in the cleansing action. These are sodium salt of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. For example, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate, etc. Anionic detergents are used in household work and in toothpastes.

ii. Cationic detergents: These are so called because large part of their molecules are cations and it is the cationic part of the molecule which is involved in the cleansing action. Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a cationic detergent and used in hair conditioners. Cationic detergents have germicidal properties and are expensive, therefore, these are of limited use.

iii. Non-ionic detergents: Non-ionic detergents do not contain any ion. These are esters of high molecular mass alcohols. One such detergent is formed when stearic acid reacts with polyethyleneglycol. Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type.
$$\cdot$$ The problem in the use of detergents is that if their hydrocarbon chain is highly branched then bacteria cannot degrade them easily. Slow degradation of detergents leads to their accumulation and this causes water pollution. Unbranched chain can be biodegraded more easily and hence pollution is prevented.

Explain the following term with one suitable example:
Enzymes

Enzymes are catalysts of biological origin which accelerate various cellular reactions without themselves undergoing any apparent change during the course of action. Enzymes are highly specific in their action on substrate. Almost all the enzymes are globular proteins. Examples: Lysozyme

Describe the following giving one example:
Food preservatives

These are the chemical substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage due to microbial growth. The most commonly used preservative include table salt, vegetable oil, sugar, potassium metabisulphite and sodium benzoate.

Explain the following term giving one example:
Antacids

Chemical substances which remove excess acid in the stomach and raise the pH to appropriate level, e.g., sodium hydrogencarbonate, a mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide, ranitidine , etc.

Explain the following term with one suitable example:
A sweetening agent for diabetic patients.

Artificial sweetening agents are chemical substances which are sweet in taste but do not add calories to our body. For example, saccharin. Its use is of great value to diabetic persons as it is excreted from the body through urine as it is without harming the body.

Explain the following term giving one example:
Enzymes

Enzymes are globular proteins with high molecular mass ranging from $$15,000 \,to \,1,000,000 \,g \,mol^{-1},$$ which form colloidal solution in water. A number of reactions that occur in the body of animals and plants to maintain the life processes are catalysed by enzymes, therefore enzymes are termed as biochemical catalysts.

Describe the following giving one example:
Antacids

Antacids are chemical substances which remove the excess acid in the stomach and raise the pH to appropriate level, e.g., sodium hydrogencarbonate, a mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide, ranitidine, etc.

What method did Sheena suggest her mother to preserve the food?

Sheena suggested her mother to keep the snacks in an air tight container.

Give the reason of formation of scum when soaps are used with hard water.

Hard water contains calcium ions or magnesium ions or both. These ions on reacting with soap solution forms insoluble substance called scum.

Why are soaps not suitable for washing clothes with hard water?

Soaps are not suitable for washing clothes with hard water because of two reasons:
(i) Soap reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water to form insoluble precipitate called scum. This results in the wastage of soap.
(ii) The sticky scum sticks to the clothes being washed and interferes with the cleaning ability of soap .This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.

Name one synthetic antioxidant.

Butylated hydroxyanisole $$(BHA)$$.

Give two example for following substance:
food preservatives.

Examples:
1) Sodium Benzoate
2) Sodium metabisulphate
3) Sugar
4) Common salt

Answer the following question:
Pickles have a long shelf-life and do not get spoiled for months. Why ?

Pickles have a long shelf-life and do not get spoiled for months because plenty of salt and cover of oil in pickels act as preservative. These do not allow bacteria to thrive on them.

Answer the following question:
Dishwashing soaps are synthetic detergents. What is their chemical nature ?

Dishwashing soaps are non-ionic detergents.

What are Antacids? Give one example.

Chemical substances which remove the excess acid in the stomach and raise the pH to appropriate level are called antacids, e.g., sodium hydrogencarbonate, a mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide, ranitidine, etc.

What are Anionic detergents? Give one example.

Anionic detergents are so named because large part of their molecules are anions and it is the anionic part of the molecule which is involved in the cleansing action. These are sodium salt of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons. For example, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium dedocylbenzene sulphonate, etc. Anionic detergents are used in household work and in toothpastes.

Explain the following type of substance with one suitable example :
Food preservatives

Food preservatives are the chemical substances which are added to the food materials to prevent their spoilage due to microbial growth. The most commonly used preservative include table salt, vegetable oil, sugar, potassium metabisulphate and sodium benzoate.

What is a soap? what is it used for?

Soap is chemically a sodium salt of stearic acid (an organic acid with the formula $$C_{17}H_{35}COOH$$) and has the formula $$C_{17}H_{35}COONa$$. Soap is used for domestic washing purposes.

Differentiate between the terms-

Food preservatives and food processing with appropriate examples.

Food preservatives are substances or chemicals added to food or beverages to:

1) Prevent decomposition by bacteria or microbes.

2) Reduce the risk of foodborne infections.

3) Preserve the nutritional quality of food.

Preservatives	Food items
Benzoic acid	Jams, pickles, carbonated drinks.
Nitrates	Meat products
Sulphur compounds	Beverages, wines etc

Give two example for following substance:
medicines

Examples:
1) Penicillin
2) Painkillers
3) Antibiotics

___________________ is used for grinding and crushing solid substances into a powder.

Mortar and pestle

Food items like jams and pickles are protected by using..........

Food items like jams and pickles are protected by using preservatives (salt and sugar).

Give a reason for the following:
Food processing is an important procedure for obtaining marketable food products.

Food processing-involves physical or chemical processes, to transform or change the raw ingredients in food into easy usable form of food available in markets.Raw materials in food to Marketable food products

Food processing	rocesses
Mincing	Cooking	Pickling
Preservative addition	Canning	Packaging

Write answer to the following question.
How does the use of a detergent help to clean soiled clothes ?

Detergent is a cleansing agent that combines with the impurities to make them more soluble and therefore wipe them away. A molecule of detergent consists of two ends. One of its ends is attracted towards the water while the other holds on to the dirt. This results in the mixing of dirt and water. Due to the ability to get attached to both oil and water, detergent molecule spreads easily. This property of a substance expanding on a surface is known as surface activity and the substance is known as surfactant. One of the effects of surface activity is lather formation.
This action of detergent molecule results in the removal of dirt and stains from the clothes.

Fill appropriate terms in the blanks .
( white cement , soap, detergent , wearing of bones, tooth decay, hard, soft, Portland, fatty acid )
synthetic detergents can be used in ............. water as well.

Synthetic detergents can be used in hard water as well.

Explain how medicines are a boon to mankind.State the positive and negative effects of medicines like aspirin and paracetamol.

Medicines are natural or synthetic substances which when taken in a living body, affects its functioning, and treats or prevents a disease.
Aspirin
Positive effect:
1) It is a medicine to treat pain,fever and inflammation.
2) Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack,may decrease risk of death.
3) As long term use it may reduce,blood clots in people who are at a high risk.
Negative effect:
1) It is generally not recommended in children with infections
2) Its side effects may include upset stomach,stomach ulcers etc.
Paracetamol:
1) It is a medicine to treat mild to moderate pain and fever.
2) It may also be used in low back pain,headaches and for dental use.
Negative effect:
1) It may be sold in combination with cold medications.
2) It is safe at recommended doses, but too high a dose may result in liver problems.

Give a reason for the following:

Preservatives are added to food or beverages.

Preservatives are added to food or beverages because of the following reasons:-

1) Prevent decomposition by bacteria and microbes.
2) Reduce the risk of food borne.
3) Preserve the nutritional quality of food.

Write answer to the following question.
Name three chemicals responsible for the surface activity of various detergents.

Chemicals responsible for the surface activity of various detergents are alkylbenzene sulphonate, alcohol ethoxysulphates and alkyl sulphates.

What are the similarities and difference between Soap and synthetic detergent

Soap	Synthetic detergent
1. Soaps are sodium salt of fatty acids (soft soap) or potassium salts of fatty acids (hard soap).	Synthetic detergents are made up of raw materials like fats or kerosene.
2. They can be used only with soft water.	They can be used with both soft and hard water.

Explain Why Soap cannot be used in hard water .

Soaps cannot be used in hard water because they lose their cleansing property when used with it. Soaps do not form lather with hard water and instead forms scum, as a result of which it loses its cleansing property.

Write answer to the following question.
Make a list of detergents that you use.

The detergents which we use in our daily lives are-
$$\cdot$$ ritha and shikhakai for washing hair
$$\cdot$$ soaps like Dettol, dove, lifebuoy etc. for bathing
$$\cdot$$ detergents like surf excel, tide etc. for washing clothes.

What are the similarities and difference between Natural detergents and man-made detergents ?

Natural detergents	Man-made detergents
1. Natural detergents refer to the substances which are naturally available and can be used as detergents.	Man-made detergents are detergents which have been made by humans for their use.
2. Examples of natural detergents include soap nut (ritha) and soap pod (shikakai).	Example of man-made detergent is soap.

Write answer to the following question.
How will you check with the help of soap powder whether water is hard ?

Soap can be used to check whether sample of water is hard or soft. Soaps do not give lather with hard water instead form scum whereas they give lather with soft water. If we do not get lather in water while using soap, we can say it is hard water.

Explain why Synthetic detergents are superior to soap .

Synthetic detergents are superior to soap because synthetic detergents work both in soft water and hard water. In contrast, soaps work only in soft water and they are not effective in hard water.

What are detergents?

Detergents are generally sodium salts of sulphonic acids or ammonium salts with chlorides or bromides etc.

Write answer to the following question.
What should be expected from a detergent for delicate garments ?

A delicate detergent should clean the clothes effectively without affecting the quality of the clothes. It should have the ability to remove all kinds of stains without causing any harm to the clothes.

What are the similarities and difference between Bath soap and soap for washing clothes ?

Bath soap	Soap for washing clothes
1. It is a type of soft soap and used for bathing purposes.	It is a type of hard soap and is used for washing clothes.
2. Soft soaps are sodium salt of fatty acids.	Hard soaps are potassium salts of fatty acids

Explain the method of preparation of soap.

The mixture of fats and sodium hydroxide are allowed to boil in the kettle using the steam within the kettle. After boiling, the mass thickness as the fat reacts with sodium hydroxide producing soap and glycerin. Salt is added to separate soap from glycerin.

The soap form its layer at the top and the glycerin settles at the bottom. The glycerin is taken out from the bottom of the kettle. Soap is taken off from the top. The soap is then cooled.

Oil / Fat + Sodium hydroxide $$\rightarrow$$ Soap + glycerol.

What types of substances are present in antacids?

Alkaline.

What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper?

Soap is basic in nature. Hence, red litmus changes to blue whereas blue litmus have no change in color.

Why do we need to classify drugs in different ways?

The classification of drugs and the reason for classification are as follows:

1. On the basis of pharmacological effect: This classification provides doctor the whole range of drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem Hence, such a classification is very useful to doctors.

2. On the basis of drug action: This classification is based on the action of a drug on a particular biochemical process Thus, this classification is important.

3. On the basis of chemical structure: This classification provides the range of drugs sharing common structural features and often having similar pharmacological activity.

4. On the basis of molecular targets: This classification provides medicinal chemists the drugs having the same mechanism of action on targets Hence, is the most useful to medicinal chemists.

What are food preservatives?

Food preservatives are chemicals that prevent food from spoilage due to microbial growth Table salt, sugar, vegetable oil, sodium benzoate ($$C_6H_3 COONa$$), and salts of propanoic acid are some examples of food preservatives.

Name the chemical involved in grape spirit.

Ethanol $$(CH_{3}-CH_{2}OH)$$

How do they work?

They neutralize acid in the stomach.

What is the nature of an antacid?

Substances which reduce the release of excess $$HCl$$ by preventing the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach wall are called antacids Examples cimetidine and ranitidine.

What are barbiturates? To which class of drugs do they belong?

55 derivatives of barbituric acid are called barbiturates They belong to class of tranquilizers.

Overuse of synthetic detergents cause water pollution why? Give reason.

Overuse of synthetic detergents cause water pollution because detergents are non-biodegradable.

What is AZT? To which use is it being put?

Azidothymidine used for AIDS victims.

Write the constituent elements of food materials?

Carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Protein: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Fat:carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Match column I and column II and select the correct answer using the codes given below:

Detergents are sodium salts of long chain sulphonic acid. They help in suspending dirt.

Methane is also known as marsh gas.

Hard water contains chlorides and sulphates of $$Ca^{2+}$$ and Mg$$^{2+}$$ ions.

Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and is used in preserving pickles.

Carboxymethyl cellulose are biodegradable polysaccharides.

Match the class of compounds given in column-I with their functions given in column-II

Communicate messages between two neurons and that between neurons to muscles $$-$$ Chemical messenger
Bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function $$-$$ Inhibitor, Antagonists
Crucial to body's communication process $$-$$ Chemical messenger, Receptors
Mimic the natural messenger $$-$$ Agonists
Inhibit activities of enzymes $$-$$ Inhibitor, Antagonists

Match List-I with List-II.

$$\bullet$$ Thiopentone is a rapid on-set shoot acting barbiturate general anesthetic that is an analogue of thiobarbital. Thiopentone is a sedative.

$$\bullet$$ Luminal is used for controlling the abnormal activity in the brain during seizure, which is a short acting hyphotic drug. It helps to calm you or help sleeping during of anxiety.

$$\bullet$$ $$KBr$$ is used as anticonvulsant and a sedative in late $$19^{th}$$ century.

Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of depression. What type of drugs are needed to cure this problem ? Name two drugs.

Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of depression. Anti-depressant drugs are needed to cure this problem. They inhibit enzymes that catalyze noradrenaline degradation. Hence, the metabolism of noradrenaline is slowed down and the neurotransmitter can activate its receptor for longer periods of time.

Iproniazid and phenelzine are two such drugs.

What problem arises in using alitame as artificial sweetener ?

Alitame is a high potency sweeteneter and it is difficult to control the sweetness of food while using alitame as an artificial sweetener.

Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?

A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids. It has one polar end and one non-polar end. The polar end is hydrophilic in nature (this end is attracted towards water). The non-polar end is hydrophobic (it is attracted towards hydrocarbons). When soap is added to water, soap molecules arrange themselves in a cluster to keep the non-polar portion out of water such that the non-polar ends are in the interior of the cluster and the polar ends are on the surface of the cluster. Since the dirt present on clothes is organic in nature and insoluble in water, the hydrophobic ends of the clusters attach themselves to the dirt. This cluster formation in which the dirt is entrapped is the micelle.

Micelle formation does not occur in alcohol because the alkyl chain of soap becomes soluble in alcohol.

Define antioxidants and mention two examples.

Antioxidants are substances which when added to food, retard or prevent oxidative deterioration of food. Fats and oils are oxidized easily, turn rancid and become unpalatable.
For examples refer image.

What is soap? Describe its preparation.

Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid(stearic acid, oleic acid, plamitic acid). Sodium salt is present in washing soaps and potassium salt is present in bathing soaps. Acid gives glycerol and ester compounds which are present in animal fat(mutton tallow) and vegetable oil(fat).
Preparation of Soap: Vegetable oil (groundnut oil, caster oil etc.) or animal fat when heated with sodium hydroxide(NaOH), sodium salt of fatty acid and glycerol are formed. This process of preparing soap is called saponification.
Vegetable oil or Animal fat $$+$$ Sodium hydroxide $$\displaystyle\overset{Saponification}{\underset{\Delta}{\longrightarrow}}$$Glycerol $$+$$ Sodium salt of fatty acid (Soap)

What tranquilizers? Write the name of any mild tranquilizer?

Tranquilizer is used to relieve or reduce stress and anxiety leading to calmness. It affects the transfer of message mechanisms from nerve to receptors.

Examples include iproniazid, phenelzine, equanil, valium, chlordiazepoxide, veronal, meprobamate, and serotonin.

An example of a mild tranquilizer is benzodiazepines.

The saponification number of fat or oil is defined as the number of $$mg$$ of $$KOH$$ required to saponify $$1\ g$$ oil or fat. A sample of peanut oil weighing $$1.5763\ g$$ is added to $$25\ mL$$ of $$0.421\ M\ KOH$$. After saponification is complete, $$8.46\ mL$$ of $$0.2732\ M\ H_{2}SO_{4}$$ is needed to neutralize excess of $$KOH$$. What is the saponification number of peanut oil?

Molecules equal of $$KOH$$ added $$=25\times0.4210=10.525$$

Molecules equal of $$KOH$$ left$$=8.46\times0.2732\times2=4.623$$

Molecules equal of $$KOH$$ used $$=10.525-4.623=5.902$$

Saponification number $$=$$ Weight of KOH use in mg per gm of oil

$$=0.3305\times\dfrac{1000}{1.5763}$$

$$=209.6$$

Write the difference between soap and detergent.

The differences between soap and detergent are as follows:

Soap	Detergent
1. Vegetable oil and $$NaOH$$ react to form soap.	1. Detergent are $$Na$$ or $$K$$ salts of sulphonic acids.
2. Soap contains $$COONa$$ functional group.	2. The functional group in detergent is $$SO_3Na$$ .
3. Soap reacts with the salts of $$Ca$$ and $$Mg$$ of hard water to form insoluble salts of $$Ca$$ and $$Mg$$.	3. Detergents react with salts of $$Ca$$ and $$Mg$$ to form soluble salts and so, there are no waste detergents.

Write any two difference between soap and detergent?

Soap	Detergent
Soaps are prepared from natural ingredients eg: vegetable oil and animal fats.	Detergents are manufactured from synthetic sources eg: hydrocarbons of petroleum or coal.
Soaps are not effective in hard water.	Detergents are effective even in hard water.

Identify the type of following drugs:
(A) Valium (B) Cimetidine.

(A) Valium is a tranquilizer used to relieve or reduce stress and anxiety leading to calmness.
(B) Cimetidine is an antihistamine. It prevents the interaction between histamine and receptors in the stomach wall, releasing less amount of acid.

Write the names of two important substances used in the preparation of soap?

Soaps are prepared by hydrolysis of fat using sodium or potassium hydroxide.

Soaps are also prepared by direct neutralization of fatty acids using sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate.

$$ \displaystyle \underset { \displaystyle \text { higher fatty acid } }{ R-COOH}+NaOH \rightarrow \underset { \displaystyle \text { soap } }{ R-COONa}+H_2O$$

What are cationic detergents? Give an example.

Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of amines with acetate, chlorides or Bromides as anions. They have cations at the soluble ends of the chain. Cations are long-chain hydrocarbons having a positive charge on N atom.
Eg: Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.

$$\left[CH_3(CH_2)_{15} -\underset{ \displaystyle CH_3}{\underset{\!\!\!|}{\overset{ \displaystyle CH_3}{\overset{|}{N} -}}}CH_3\right]^+Br^-$$

Give an example of 'a narcotic' analgesic.

Narcotic or opiod analgesic are pain relievers which are made from codeine or synthetic codeine to provide pain relif.
Examples of Narcotic analgesic- Tylox, Asprin, codeine, etc

What is the role of aspartame in the food industry?

Aspartame is used in many foods and beverages because it is about $$200$$ times sweeter than sugar. So much less of it can be used for its sweetness. Thus in turn, lowers the calories in food or beverages used in food industry.
It is generally used by diabetic patients who need low intake of calories.

Given reason why common salt is added during the preparation of soap.

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Name the drug used as a substitute for aspiring

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Between Sodium hydrogen carbonate and magnesium hydroxide which is a better antacid and why.

1665733_1357152_ans_be6a01c854ac4a36873da595b8e998eb.JPG

What are tanquilizers? Give two examples.

1880983_1486538_ans_666178a9d38f44ac9afd1dc9d6de2004.jpg

Define the following terms
a] Antihistamine
b] Antifertility drugs

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Why antihistamines do not affect the secretion of acid in stomach?

Antihistamines do not affect the secretion of acid in the stomach because they act on different receptors. The receptors present in the stomach do not interact with antihistamines.

Aspirin should not be taken in empty stomach, why ?

If aspirin is taken in empty stomach, it can cause stomach irritation, followed by a stomach ache.
This happens because there is low acid level in the stomach which get maintained by the intake of food to dissolve the aspirin.

The number of chiral carbons in chloramphenicol is _____

Chiral carbon is the carbon attached to $$4$$ different groups. There are only $$2$$ such carbons.

There are 2 such chiral carbons in the structure.

$$\therefore$$ Answer is $$2.$$

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Name an artificial sweetener whose use is limited to cold drinks.

Aspartame is an artificial sweetener whose use is limited to cold drinks.
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Write the name of the chemicals used in food.

Chemical preservatives commonly used in foods are benzoates (such as sodium benzoate), nitrites (such as sodium nitrite), sulphites (such as sulphur dioxide).

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the related compound butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) are phenolic compounds that are often added to foods to preserve fats and oils and keep them from becoming rancid.

Saccharin is an artificial sweetener.

Chlorophyll, Saffron is edible colors which we consume on a daily basis.

What are tranquilizers?

The chemical compounds which relieve anxiety and result in a more calm outlook without producing any marked degree of sedation or hypnosis are called tranquilizers.

Write short note on:
(vii) Detergents

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties in dilute solutions. These substances are usually alkylbenzene sulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxylate (of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.

In domestic contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees.

Answer the following.
What type of drug phenacetin is?

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Write the names of some antacids.

Ranitidine, Cimetidine, Omeprazole and Pentaprazole, etc.

Distinguish between antipyretics and antiseptics.

Antiseptic	Antipyretic
Antiseptics are the chemicals used to check the growth of microorganisms.	Antipyretics are the chemicals used to bring down the body temperature in case of high fever.
Example: Bithional, Chloroxylenol	Example: Paracetamol, Phenacetin

Write short note on:
(viii) Types of soaps

Soaps are a common detergent. They are the most popular type of cleansing agents. Soaps are generally made by reacting an alkali (like sodium hydroxide) in liquid form with naturally occurring fats or fatty acids, produced from animals and plants. The process is known as saponification.
Types of Soaps:
1. Toilet Soaps: Toilet soaps use a higher quality of oils and fatty acids to give them better quality. Sometimes perfumes and colours are added for cosmetic purposes.
2. Medicated Soaps: In these types of soaps we add antiseptics to the soap as an ingredient. The antiseptic is to help kill germs from the surface along with the dirt and dust.
3. Floating Soaps; As the name suggests, these soaps float in the water instead of sinking like normal soaps. This is done by whipping air into the soap in the soap mixture before they set in their moulds.
4. Shaving Soaps: These soaps must not dry to fast. So glycerol is added to it to keep it from drying. Also, we add a substance known as rosin to help the soap lather.
5. Soap Chips: These are leftover pieces of soap that are left over in soap production. They can also be made by the scrapping of small pieces of soap from a thin sheet of soap.

Name a drug in case of mental depression.

Mirtazapine (Remeron) is also a unique antidepressant.

Give examples of anti-histamines.

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Pheniramine maleate (Avil and Cough syrups), Promethazine (Phenergan), Chlorotheopyllinate salt (Avomine) are examples of anti-histamines.

Which alkaloid is used for
a) Hypertension
b) Malaria fever

(a) Reserpine is an alkaloid which is used for anti-hypertensive agent.

(b) Quinine is an anti malarial alkaloid.

Write down the formula of those compounds of phosphorous which are used as:
detergent additive

1672208_1729436_ans_289cbbf7edf345e5b25462623534ae9c.jpg

An organic compound (A) has $$76.6$$% C and $$6.38$$% H. Its vapour density isIt gives characteristic colour with aqueous $$FeCl_3$$ solution. (A), when heated with $$CO_2$$ and $$NaOH$$ at $$140^{o}$$C under pressure, gives (B) which, on being acidified gives (C). (C) reacts with acetyl chloride to give (D) which is a well-known painkiller. Identify(A), (B), (C) and (D).

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Define antihistamines with an example.

The drugs which interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for binding of receptor where histamine exerts its effect are called antihistamine e.g., bromopheniramine, terfenadine, cetrizine etc.

What are receptors ?

Proteins which are crucial to communication system in the body are called receptors.

Name two types of chemical messengers.

Two types of chemical messengers are Neurotransmitters and hormones.

Why is it important to understand the mechanism of drug action and metabolic pathways in the biological systems ?

In order to improve the drug activity and to minimise side effects, one should understand the mechanism of drug action.

Write the name of an antacid which is often used as a medicine.

An antacid also used as a medicine is Ranitidine(Zantac).

Differentiate between soap and a detergent.

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Why is drug metabolism a major consideration in drug design ?

Most drugs and their active metabolites are rendered inactive or less active due to metabolism. A drug should be so designed that it reaches the target without being metabolised.

Name a drug that is useful in mental depression.

Equanil or barbituric acid derivatives such as seconal, veronal, liminal, etc. are useful in mental depression.

What are agonists ?

Drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists.

What is the harmful effect of hyperacidity ?

It can cause ulcers in stomach.

Where are receptors located ?

Receptors are embedded in cell membrane.

What is aspartame and what is its use ?

It is the methyl ester of the dipeptide derived from phenylalanine and aspartic acid. It is used as an artificial sweetener.

What are antagonists ?

Drugs that bind to the receptor site and inhibit its natural function are called antagonists.

How do the drugs like brompheniramine and terfenadine (seldane) act as antihistamines ?

They interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites of receptor where histamine exerts its effect.

What are the following substance ? Give one example.
Tranquilizers

Tranquilizers are a class of chemical compounds used for the treatment of stress, fatigue, and mild or even severe mental diseases. These relieve anxiety, stress, irritability or excitement by including a sense of well-being , e.g., iproniazid, chlordiazepoxide, equanil, luminal, etc.

How do antidepressant drugs counteract feeling of depression ?

Antidepressent drugs inhibit the enzyme which catalyses the degradation of noradrenaline. Thus, noradrenaline which acts as a neurotransmitter is slowly metabolised and continues to activate its receptor for a longer period of time. This activation of receptor for a long time counteracts the effect of depression.

Answer the following question:
How do tranquilizers and analgesics work ?

Tranquilizers and analgesics work by altering the message transfer mechanism from nerve to receptor.

Answer the following question:
Which class of drugs is used in sleeping pills ?

Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, such as zolpidem (Ambien), zaleplon (Sonata), and eszopiclone (Lunesta), these drugs are used to treat sleeplessness.

Explain the mechanism of the clearing action of soaps.

Soap are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties. One is hydrophilic, that is, it interacts with water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is, it interacts with hydrocarbons.

In the clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle. Since the oily dirt will be collected in the center of the micelle.

The micelles stay in solution as a colloid and will not come together to precipitate because of ion-ion repulsion. Thus the dirt suspended in the micelles is also easily rinsed away.

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Name any two macromolecules chosen as drug targets.

Biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are chosen as drug targets.

Pick out the odd one among the following on the basis of their medicinal properties mentioning the reason: Luminal, Seconal, Phenacetin, Equanil.

The odd one among the above choices is phenacetin as it is an antiseptic, while the rest are tranquilizers.

Fill in the blanks :
........ is used in treatment of hyperthyroidism.

Iodine-$$ 123 $$ is used in treatment of hyperthyroidism.

What are the Antihistamines? Give one example.

Antihistamines are the drugs which interfere with the natural action of histamine by competing with histamine for binding sites of receptor where histamine exerts its effects. Brompheniramine, terfanadine, pheniramine maleate (avil), cetrizine and chlorpheniramine are some examples of antihistamines.

What is the advantage of detergent over soap?

Detergent readily forms lather with hard water and it is more soluble in water.

What are antioxidants ?

Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation.

The substances which prevent oxidation are called antioxidants.

Explain the term, target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.

In medicinal chemistry, drug targets refer to the key molecules involve in certain metabolic pathways that result in specific diseases Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are example of drug targets.

Drugs are chemical agents designed to inhibit these target molecules by binding with the active sites of the key molecules.

While antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the function of histamines, why do these not interfere with the function of each other ?

Specific drugs affect particular receptors Antacids and anti-allergic drugs work at different receptors This is the reason why antacids and anti-allergic drugs do not interfere with each others functions, but interfere with the functions of histamines.

Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes?

Either of the following forces can be involved in holding drugs to the active sites of enzymes.

Ionic bonding

Hydrogen bonding

Dipole-dipole interaction

Van der Waals forces

Name the macro molecules that are chosen as drug targets.

The macro molecules chosen as drug targets are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of depression What type of drugs are needed to cure this problem? Name two drugs.

Anti-depressant drugs are needed to counteract the effect of depression These drugs inhibit enzymes catalysing the degradation of the neurotransmitters, nor adrenaline As a result, the important neurotransmitters is slowly metabolised and then it can activate its receptor for longer periods of time.

Two anti-depressant drugs are:

1. Iproniazid

2. Phenelzine

Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.

Artificial sweetening agents such as saccharin, alitame, and aspartame can be used in preparing sweets for diabetic patients.

Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks?

Aspartame becomes unstable at cooking temperature This is the reason why its use is limited to cold foods and drinks.

What problem arises in using alitame as artificial sweetener?

Alitame is a high potency sweetener It is difficult to control the sweetness of food while using alitame as an artificial sweetener.

How are synthetic detergents better than soaps?

Soaps work in soft water, they are not effective in hard water in contrast synthetic detergents work both in soft water and hard water Therefore, synthetic detergents are better than soaps.

Why do soaps not work in hard water?

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions When soaps are dissolved in hard water, these ions displace sodium or potassium from their salts and form insoluble calcium or magnesium salts of fatty acids The insoluble salts separate as scum.

$$\underset{Soap}{2C_{17}H_{35}COONa} + CaCl_2 \rightarrow 2NaCl + \underset{Insoluble \ calcium \ stearate \ (soap)}{(C_{17}H_{35}COO)_2Ca}$$

This is the reason why soaps do not work in hard water.

In order to wash clothes with water containing dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate, which cleaning agent will you prefer and why: Soaps or synthetic detergents? Give one advantage of soaps - over synthetic detergents.

Water containing calcium hydrogen carbonate is hard water Detergents are preferred over soaps for cleaning clothes in hard water because calcium salts of detergents are soluble in water while calcium salts of soaps are insoluble As a result, lot of soap is wasted.

Disadvantage of using detergents: Soaps are biodegradable while detergents having branched hydrocarbon chains are not biodegradable and hence cause water pollution in rivers and waterways.

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Explain the following terms with suitable examples:

(i) cationic detergents
(ii) anionic detergents and
(iii) non-ionic detergents

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What are biodegradable and non- biodegradable detergents ? Give one example of each. Explain the cleansing action of soaps.

Detergents that can be degraded by bacteria are called biodegradable detergents Such detergents have straight hydrocarbon chains For example: Sodium Lauryl sulphate.

Detergents that cannot be degraded have highly branched hydrocarbon chains For example: Sodium - 4 - (1, 3, 5,7 - tetra methyl octyl) benzene sulphonate.

Soap molecules form micelles around an oil droplet (dirt) in such a way that the hydrophobic parts of the stearate ions attach themselves to the oil droplet and the hydrophilic parts project outside the oil droplet Due to the polar nature of the hydrophilic parts, the stearate ions (along with the dirt) are pulled into water, thereby removing the dirt from the cloth.

Can you use soaps and synthetic detergents to check the hardness of water?

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Following type of non-ionic detergents are present in liquid detergent, emulsifying agents and wetting agents Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the molecule Identify the functional group (s) present in the molecule

Functional groups present in the molecule are:

Ether and

Primary alcoholic group.

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With reference to which classification has the statement, "ranitidine is an antacid" been given?

The given statement refers to the classification of pharmacological effects of the drug This is because any drug that is used to counteract the effects of excess acid in the stomach is called an antacid.

If water contains dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate, out of soaps and synthetic detergents which one will you use for cleaning clothes?

Synthetic detergents are preferred for cleaning clothes When soaps are dissolved in water containing calcium ions, these ions form insoluble salts that are of no further use, however when synthetic detergents are dissolved in water containing calcium ions, these ions from soluble salts that act as cleaning agents.

What is the role of the builder in synthetic detergents?

The role of the builder in synthetic detergents is to removes hardness producing ions viz. $$Ca^{2+}$$ and $$Mg^{2+} $$ions.

What are antihistamine? Give two examples.

Antihistamines are drugs which either reduce or inhibit the action of histamine in the body thereby preventing allergy Two important antihistamines are brompheniramine and terfenadine.

Mode of action: Histamines interact with the binding sites of receptor in the body to produce allergy Antihistamines compete with histamines for these binding sites of receptor and thus do not allow histamine to produce allergy.

What are soft and hard soaps ?

Soft soaps : Soft soaps are potassium salts of fatty acids.
Hard soaps : Hard soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids.

Collect the names of the preservative commonly used and write its the side effects.

Some common preservatives are :Common salt, sugar, acetic acid, sodium meta bi-sulfate.

Overuse of salt causes hypertension (blood pressure).
Use of sugar effects badly on diabetic patients.
Acetic acid causes acidity.

Give one example of artificial sweetner used by diabetic patients.

Saccharin (in form of sodium salt) is taken as artificial sweetner by diabetic patients.

Define tranquilizer.

Tranquilizers are drugs which act on central nervous system to help in reducing anxiety.

What are detergents ? Give its classifications and its cleansing action.

The difficulty encountered with soaps with regard to cleaning with hard water is resolved by taking detergents. Detergents are chemicals that have all the properties of soaps but do not contain soap.

Detergents are mainly classified into three categories:

Anionic detergents
Cationic detergents
Non-ionic detergents

Cleaning Action:
Soaps and detergents consist of a large hydrocarbon tail with a negatively charged head. The hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic (water-repelling) and the negatively charged head is hydrophilic (water-attracting).

The dirt in the cloth is due to the presence of dust particles in fat or grease which stick to the cloth. When soap or detergent is dissolved in water the molecules gather together as clusters called micelles when the dirty cloth is dipped in soap or detergent solution. The soap and dirt particles come in contact with each other.

The non-polar tails of the soap begin to dissolve in non – polar oil or grease. While the polar head part remains in the water. As more and more soap particles enter the grease each fat or oil particle is surrounded by a number of negatively charged ends. Since the similar charges repel each other the oil or grease droplets break off into small globules of oil. These are still surrounded by the negatively charged polar heads of the soap molecules.

This prevents the small globules from coming together to form bigger particles. The rubbing by hands or mechanical stirring also helps to break the grease particles. In this manner, the grease particles can be completely broken up and it forms an emulsion of grease or oil contained in dirt and the droplets are washed away with water.

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Give an example of cationic dtergent.

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Substance	Use
Antacids	Pesticide
Benedict's solution	To test glucose
Thermosetting Plastics	To give blue colour to glass
Cobalt Oxide	To make switch board
Tobacco extract	To reduce acidity

Chemistry In Everyday Life - Class 12 Engineering Chemistry - Extra Questions

Antihistamines have advantage over antacids in the treatment of acidity.If true enter 1, else enter 0.

Compare the effect of soaps and detergents on hard water.

Why tin cans are used for storing food?

Name the following compound.A salt which is used in the manufacture of glass and detergent.

The chemical substances which relieve the pain either completely or partially are called antipyretics.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Antibodies are used to prevent bacterial growth.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

What are antipyretics? Give an example.

What are antioxidants? Give two examples.

What are antioxidants? Give example.

Explain the following:(a) Antiseptics(b) Artificial sweetening(c) Antacids

Mention any two differences between soap and synthetic detergent.

In what way antacids are important? Give an example.

GIve reason: Antacid tablets are used by a person suffering from acidity.

What are drugs?

What are Anti-oxidants? Why are they added to fat and oil containing foods?

Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds:

Explain Saponification of oil/fats with equation.

Write the charecteristics of an ideal drug?

Name the following:Name the acid used as a flavour and to preserve food

Intake of more food than necessary causes _______.

The chemical substances used to bring down body temperature in a high fever are known as:

Define chemotheropy?

You are provided with a fine white coloured powder which is either sugar or salt. How would you identify it without tasting?

The statement 'Reserpine is a powerful tranquilizer' is: true or false

What are soaps and detergents?

What type of forces are involed in binding of substrate to the active site of enzyme?

Both antacids and anti allergic drugs are antihistamines hence, they can be use in place of each other.If true enter 1,if false enter 0.

Hyperacidity causes ulcer development in stomach.If true enter 1,if false enter 0.

Receptors are located in cell membrane.If true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Match the detergents given in column l with their uses given in column ll

Match the soaps given in column I with items given in column II.

Match structures given in column I with the type of detergents given in column ll.

Many insects, such as ants, inject formic acid, a weak acid, when they bite or sting. Describe the type of compound that should be used to treat the bite.

Explain antacids with a suitable example.

Explain the following term with a suitable example:Food preservatives

Calamine solution is applied on the skin when an ant bites. Explain why?

An antacid tablet is taken when a person suffers from acidity. Explain why?

Drugs interact with the active sites on enzyme and accelerate the catalytic activity of the enzyme.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Agonist can mimic natural chemical messengersIf this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Drugs which act as competitive inhibitors, preferentially attach to the active sites prior to substrate molecules.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Agonist can help transfer of message to receptorsIf this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Antihistamines are neurologically active drugs and affect the message transfer mechanism.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs and affect the message transfer mechanism.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

The chemical substances which relieve the pain either completely or partially are called agonistIf this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Agonist can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzymeIf this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Emulsifiers prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Excess salt is responsible for ulcers.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Excess cholesterol is responsible for ulcers.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Antifoaming agents prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Antioxidants prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Why should not medicines be taken without consulting doctors ?

Define the term chemotherapy.

Name the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.

Distinguish between Soap and detergent.

Explain the term, target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.

Why do we need to classify drugs in different ways ?

State one method by which oxygen is removed from the air.

Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and drinks ?

Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogen carbonate or magnesium or aluminium hydroxide ?

What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give two examples.

Name the sweetening agent used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient.

What are food preservatives ?

Explain the following terms with suitable examples.(i) cationic detergents(ii) anionic detergents and(iii) non-ionic detergents.

Which forces are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes ?

Explain the following terms giving one example of each type:(i) Antacids(ii) Disinfectants(iii) Enzymes

Both soap and detergent are some type of salts. What is the difference between them? Describe in brief the cleansing action of soap. Why do soaps not form lather in hard water? List two problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.

The 8 : 8 type of packing is present in___________?($$MgF_2$$ $$, CsCl$$)

(i) Name the sweetening agents used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient?(ii) What are antibiotics? Give an example?(iii) Give two example of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets?

What is the cause of a feeling of depression in human beings? Name a drug which can be useful in treating this depression.

Which class of drugs is used in sleeping pills?

Which one of the following is a food preservative?Equanil, Morphine, Sodium Benzoate

Why is bithional added to soap?

(i) Give two examples of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.(ii) What are antiseptic? Give an example.(iii) Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and soft drinks?

What are food preservatives? Name two such substances.

Can you remove the shell of an unboiled egg without boiling, keeping the egg's thin membrane intact? If yes, explain.

Iodine is used as an antiseptic in the form of _________ solution.

What are detergents chemically? List two merits and two demerits of using detergents for cleansing. State the reason for the suitability of detergents for washing, even in the case of water having calcium and magnesium ions.

How is detergent industrially manufactured?

Antioxidants are added to foods containing fats/oil. Why?

Antihistamines have advantage over antacids in the treatment of acidity.
If true enter 1, else enter 0.

Name the following compound.
A salt which is used in the manufacture of glass and detergent.

The chemical substances which relieve the pain either completely or partially are called antipyretics.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Antibodies are used to prevent bacterial growth.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Explain the following:
(a) Antiseptics
(b) Artificial sweetening
(c) Antacids

Name the following:
Name the acid used as a flavour and to preserve food

Both antacids and anti allergic drugs are antihistamines hence, they can be use in place of each other.
If true enter 1,if false enter 0.

Hyperacidity causes ulcer development in stomach.
If true enter 1,if false enter 0.

Receptors are located in cell membrane.
If true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Explain the following term with a suitable example:
Food preservatives

Drugs interact with the active sites on enzyme and accelerate the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Agonist can mimic natural chemical messengers
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Drugs which act as competitive inhibitors, preferentially attach to the active sites prior to substrate molecules.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Agonist can help transfer of message to receptors
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Antihistamines are neurologically active drugs and affect the message transfer mechanism.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs and affect the message transfer mechanism.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

The chemical substances which relieve the pain either completely or partially are called agonist
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Agonist can inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Emulsifiers prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Excess salt is responsible for ulcers.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Excess cholesterol is responsible for ulcers.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Antifoaming agents prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Antioxidants prevent the generation of free radicals which damage the food.
If this is true enter 1, if false enter 0.

Explain the following terms with suitable examples.
(i) cationic detergents
(ii) anionic detergents and
(iii) non-ionic detergents.

Explain the following terms giving one example of each type:
(i) Antacids
(ii) Disinfectants
(iii) Enzymes

(i) Name the sweetening agents used in the preparation of sweets for a diabetic patient?
(ii) What are antibiotics? Give an example?
(iii) Give two example of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets?

Which one of the following is a food preservative?
Equanil, Morphine, Sodium Benzoate

(i) Give two examples of macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.
(ii) What are antiseptic? Give an example.
(iii) Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods and soft drinks?

(a) Why do diabetic persons require artificial sweetening agents?
(b) Write the name of a food preservative. How does it preserve food?
(c) Give the name and formula of a cationic detergent.

a) What tranquilizers? Write the name of any mild tranquilizer?
b) How food preservatives works. Give an example of food preservative?
c) Why do soaps not work in hard water?

a) How drugs can be classified according to different criteria? Write the name of each?
b) How anti histamines work? Give an example of any anti histamine?
c) Write the structural formula of any sleep producing barbiturate?

(a) What is anionic detergent? Write an example.
(b) Why are chemicals added to food? Write any two reasons.
(c) Write any one difference between broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics.

Explain the following:
(a) Disinfectants
(b) Food preservatives
(c) Tranquilizers

What is the role of following chemicals in food?
i) Saccharin
ii) Sodium benzoate

What is the role of these as food additives?
i) Sodium benzoate
ii) Aspartame

What is the action of mixture of $$NaNO_2$$ and dil. $$HCl$$ on
(a) Ethyl amine, (b) Aniline, (c) Diethyl amine
How is nylon 6, 6 prepared?
What are 'antacids'?
Write any 'two' side effects of tranquilizers.

Define the following:
a) Cationic detergents
b) Broad spectrum antibiotics
c) Tranquilizers

Explain the following with one-one example
(i) Antiseptic
(ii) Antacid
(iii) Sulpha drug
(iv) Antifertility
(v) Antipyretic.

(a) Give two names of artificial sweeteners.
(b) Give definition of antibiotic and one example.
(c) Give definition of antihistamine drug with name and uses.

Some substances and their uses are given in the table. Match them suitably.
Substance Use
Antacids Pesticide
Benedict's solution To test glucose
Thermosetting Plastics To give blue colour to glass
Cobalt Oxide To make switch board
Tobacco extract To reduce acidity

(a) Differentiate between soap and detergents.
(b) Why pure acetic acid is called glacial acetic acid?
(c) What is covalent bond? Write two properties of covalent compounds.

(a) What is detergent?
(b) Explain the causes of Ozone depletion.
(c) Draw a labelled diagram of 'Khadin water harvesting system' and write any two measures of water conservation.

Give reasons for following:
Dry $$HCl$$ does not change the colour of the dry blue litmus paper.
Antacid tablets are used by a person suffering from stomach pain.
Toothpaste is used for cleaning teeth.

Write the short note on the following.
Esterification Reaction
Saponification Reaction
Soap and detergents