Reproductive Health - Class 12 Medical Biology - Extra Questions

1. Uniform: The individuals are uniformly spread and equally spaced from each other in a given area.
2. Random: The individuals are distributed randomly in a given area and no pattern can be predicted.
3. Clumped: The individuals are clustered in groups in a given area.

1. Emigration: It is the outward movement of individuals from a given area. It decreases the population size.
   
2. Immigration: It is the inward movement of individuals from outside into a habitat. It increases the population size.
   
3. Migration: It is the two way movement of individuals of a population. It may increase or decrease the population size.
   

Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse with infected persons are collectively called sexually transmitted diseases(STDs).

Examples- Syphilis(Bacteria), Hepatitis-B(HBV).

• Sex education is necessary in schools because it provides correct information about reproductive health, related organs, adolescence and sexually transmitted diseases.
• As well as it creates awareness to protect people from misconceptions about various sex-related issues.

$$\textbf{Solution:}$$

$$\bullet$$ Human population the whole number of peple or inhabitant in a country or region.

$$\textbf{Factor affecting the population:}$$

$$\bullet$$ Natality rate is the average number of new individuals produced by a population reproductively active in a unit time. It is also known as birth rate.

$$\bullet$$ Mortality rate is the number of individuals dying in a unit time ,it is thus also known as death rate.

$$\bullet$$ Immigration is when individuals from one population migrate to another,this introduces new alleles in the gene pool of a population. Population size increases.

$$\bullet$$ Emigration is when individuals from one population go out to another place, this leads to loss of certain genes in the gene pool. Population size decreases

$$\bullet$$ Age distribution is divided into three categories pre-reproductive,reproductive and post reproductive.

• Yes, sex education is necessary in schools because it helps the students find out the various aspects of reproductive health. 
• They can also learn about all the reproductive organs, puberty and adolescence related changes.
• It is important in the adolescents because at that age there are hormonal changes and they obtain secondary sexual characteristics and one is supposed to know about them.

• Test tube baby refers to an infant conceived in the test tube.
• The sperms from the father the eggs from the mother or donor are combined and kept to fertilize in a test tube and the embryo is re-implanted in the uterus.
  

$$\textbf{Solution:}$$

$$\bullet$$ Multiple ovulation embryo transfer is a practice in which cows are subjected to hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone which induces the follicular development and superovulation due to which there is release of more than one egg generally 6-8 eggs.

$$\bullet$$ After this,the cow is inseminated artificially or mated with the superior breed of bull to produce a zygote .

$$\bullet$$ When the zygote undergoes cleavage several times ,at the 8-32 stage state it is surgically removed and transferred into other surrogate mother cows.

$$\bullet$$ Thus , leaving the maternal mother available for the next cycle.

$$\bullet$$ This practice has been going on ,in  cattle,sheep, rabbits, buffaloes,mares etc.

Sexually transmitted disease (STD) is used to refer a condition which passes from one person to another through sexual contact. A person can come in contact of sexually transmitted disease by having unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has the STD. STD may also be transmitted through sharing needles and breastfeeding (e.g. HIV).

Some STD can be passed from a mother to baby before or during the birth. because of passing the infection through the placenta or birth canal. e.g.

Syphilis is a bacterial infection. It is caused by Treponema pallidum bacteria.

The first symptom to syphilis is the appearance of small round sore known as a chancre. It can develop on genitals, anus or mouth. It is painless but very infectious.

AIDS is a viral infection. It is caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV can damage the immune system and raise the risk of another type of infection.

• Adolescent pregnancy should be avoided because the young woman is not physically ready to support a baby in her womb. It would affect her mental as well as physical health adversely.
• It also affects the social and economic status of the girl and the family. 

Assisted reproductive technologies refer to the medical procedures used to treat infertility by the manipulation of eggs, sperms, and/or embryos inside or outside the body. Some examples of ART are – IVF, ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT and TET.

• In vitro fertilization (IVF): IVF is the process in which the eggs and sperm are joined in a laboratory dish and the resulting embryos are transferred into the womb.
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): ICSI is a variant of IVF in which a single sperm is injected into each individual egg. This procedure is used for semen abnormalities and couples who have failed fertilization.
• Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT): GIFT was a technique that was applied in the past, specifically for women who wanted IVF but at the same time wanted to avoid conception outside the body.
• Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT): ZIFT is a technique similar to IVF but it involves the transfer of the fertilized egg (the zygote) into the fallopian tube at the time of laparoscopy
• Tubal Embryo Transfer (TET): TET refers to the same procedure as ZIFT but the transfer of the zygote is done at a later stage.

• Use of condoms or other physical barriers.
• Avoiding sexual contact with unknown partners.
• Avoid sharing towels or underclothing.
• Get a vaccination for hepatitis B. This is a series of three shots. 

• Trichomoniasis: This happens because of a protozoa named $$Trichomonas\, vaginalis$$. The symptoms of this disease include whitish discharge from vagina, constant itching in the genitalia and foul smell. While females suffer from this disease, male is the carder of the parasite. So, both partners should be treated with suitable medication. 

• AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is a sexually transmitted disease but it affects the immune system. Till date, no cure for this disease has been found. This disease progresses to certain death. 

To make a large population into a productive asset a nation can take the following steps :

1. Provide better education and training to develop more skilled and innovative work force.
2. Investment in the type of education that ensure good employment opportunities which lead to the improvement in standard of living of people and also National Income of the country.
3. Investment on healthcare facilities of the people which lead to healthy environment for them to flourish and develop.
4. The government should invest in rural and backward regions so that people living in these areas can help in economic development.

Reproductive health refers to the diseases, disorders and conditions that affect the functioning of the male and female reproductive systems during all stages of life. 
Following are the topics about reproductive health that should be discussed with the students:

• Students should be made aware of the sexually transmitted diseases, such as AIDS and Gonorrhoea, which are transferred from one individual to another through sexual contact. 
• It is necessary to create awareness among people, especially the youth because the lack of knowledge about the reproductive status may lead to unwanted pregnancies.
• Learning about one's sexuality at a proper age may help the students to know about the different changes happening in their body.
• Counselling and creating awareness about reproductive health also help to curb the problems of infertility, birth control, mortality, etc.

$$\textbf{Solution:}$$

$$\bullet$$ The anganwadi workers are responsible for carrying out certain important functions which are listed as follows:

• In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which an egg is fertilized by sperm outside the body.
• The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing ovum from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm fertilize them in a liquid in a laboratory.
• The fertilized egg (zygote) is cultured for 26 days in a growth medium and is then implanted in the same or another woman's uterus, with the intention of establishing a successful pregnancy.
• The baby produced by IVF is called a test-tube baby.

• IVF stands for in-vitro fertilization. In this technique, sperm from the male (or donor) and ovum from the female (or donor) are taken out. Ovum is then fertilized in the laboratory; usually in a petri dish. 
• ET stands for embryo transfer and is the next procedure after IVF. Embryo up to 8 blastomere stage is transferred in the fallopian tube. Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred to the uterus. Since the technique involves carrying out fertilization and some development of zygote in the laboratory hence babies born out of this method are often called test-tube babies. These methods are parts of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). 
• These methods are employed when medical treatment and psychotherapy may have failed in helping the couple in conception. These methods require a very high degree of precision and can only be carried out by highly specialized doctors. Moreover, employing these technologies require costly pieces of equipment. Hence, facilities for IVF or ET are available only at select centres across the country.