Class 12 Medical Biology - Strategies For Enhancement In Food Production

Name two indigenous breeds of hen.

Indigenous poultry breeds of India:

Phulbani- mostly found in the districts of Phulbani and Boudh in Odisha.

Kalahandi- widely distributed in Bhawanipatna, Khariar and Nawapara subdivisions of Kalahandi district of Odisha.

Dumasil- mostly found in Karaya and Jashipur blocks of Mayurbhanj district in Odisha.

Hen ........ and ......... are reared in poultry farms.

Poultry farming is the raising of domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese, for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. Poultry are farmed in great numbers with chickens being the most numerous.

Therefore, hens, ducks, turkeys and geese are reared in poultry farms.

.......... is an economically important product obtained from the honey bees.

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The modern scientific methods for the production of honey and bee wax are known as

Apiculture is the management and study of honeybees. It is the modern scientific methods for the production of honey and bees wax from the honey bee.

What is the major achievement of animal breeding?

To improve desirable qualities of product and to increase the yield of animals are the major achievements.

By which insect lac is obtained?

Kerriidae is a family of scale insects, commonly known as lac insects. Kerria lacca is one such species of lac insects. These insects secrete a waxy resin that is harvested and converted commercially into lac and shellac, used in various dyes, cosmetics, wood finishing varnishes and polishes.

Explain the term biofortification.

Biofortification is the process by which using conventional plant breeding practices and genetic engineering, nutritional value of crops is increased. Biofortification results in increased amount of vitamins, minerals, proteins etc., in the crops, thus, being more healthier for the public.

Mention the strategy used to increase homozygosity in cattle for desired traits.

The strategy used to increase homozygosity in cattle for desired traits is inbreeding.

Inbreeding is the mating of closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations. Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Inbreeding helps in evolving pure line cattle. It helps sin accumulation of superior genes and the elimination of less desirable genes.

Like snake charmers, which other people depend on animals for their livelihood?

Besides snake-charmers, many people like a milkman, poultry farmers, tonga-wala, farmer, washerman etc. depend on animals for their livelihood.

Explain the interspecific hybridization with example.

Interspecific hybridisation: In this method, male and female animals of two different related species are mated. In some cases, the progeny may combine desirable features of both the parents, and may be of considerable economic value, e.g., mule.

What is the significance or advantage of outcrossing?

The advantages of out-crossing are:

1. A single outcross helps to overcome inbreeding depression.

2. For animals that are below average in productivity and growth gets benefitted from this type of crossing.

3. It increases the health of the stock, especially when one or both of the parents to be used are strongly inbred

4. It gives a wider genetic pool

5. It reduces the probability of a foal's inheriting two copies of an undesirable recessive gene.

Where do bees store honey?

Beehive is the home of bees. That is the place where they store honey.

Bee keeping should be done in good pasturage because it provides more _ and ___ of nectar to the honey bees for honey.

As good pasturage provides more quantity and quality of nectar for honey to the honey bees, bee keeping should be done in good pasturage.

Name few varieties of bees used for commercial honey production.

Apis cerana indica - Indian bee
A. dorsata     - Rock bee local variety
A. florea   - The little bee
A. mellifera -   Italian bee variety.

What do you mean by layers ?

Layers are a special breed of hen that is usually called egg layers or simply layers. They need some special attention as compared to meat-producing broilers.

Match the column.

Marine fish, also called saltwater fish, live in ocean water. Saltwater fish can swim and live alone or in a large groups. Catla,Rohu, Carp are some common marine fishes. (A- 4)
Freshwater fish are those that spend some or all of their lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes. Hilsa, Sardines, Mackerel and Pomfrets are fresh water fishes. (B- 3)
Apiculture is the practice of keeping and maintaining bees and their hives. The beekeeper is also referred to as the apiarist and the entire colony set up is called the Apiary. (C- 2)
Composite fish culture is a method in which five or six different types of fish i.e. carp species are grown together in a single fish pond. Fish with different food habitats are selected so they don't fight with each other for food. (D-1)

For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee keeping?

For increasing production in poultry, fisheries and bee keeping, scientific management is necessary. It includes scientific methods of feeding, breeding and disease control.

For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries, and bee-keeping?

Rearing, housing, improvement of variety, control of diseases are common aspects for increasing poultry, fisheries, and bee-keeping production.

Name the two eternal factors that have favourable effect on egg laying of hens.

Light intensity and duration of light affect the egg laying of hens.

An Italian bee variety. A mellifera has been introduced in India for honey production. Write about its merits over other varieties.

A. Mellifera or European' bee is very common all over the Europe. Its Italian variety has been introduced in India and cross between Indo-Italian swarm yields higher amount of honey.
Merits of A. mellifera are :
(a) It has high honey collection capacity and yields more honey.
(b) It is stingless, hence easy to handle.
(c) It breeds at faster rate.
(d) It has less tendency for swarming, hence stays in given beehive for long periods and breeds very well.

Differentiate between the following

Capture fishery and Culture fishery

Capture fishery is the method of obtaining fish from natural resources with the help of fishing crafts and gears while culture fishery is the method of rearing the desired varieties of fish in specific water bodies and harvested according to the need.

Differentiate between the following

Bee keeping and Poultry farming

Bee keeping is the practice of rearing, caring and management of honey bee for obtaining honey while poultry farming is the practice of rearing domesticated fowls (chicken), ducks, geese and turkey for eggs and meat production.

How is wax moth controlled?

Wax moth is controlled by exposing bees hive to the sun for increasing temperature. This helps in controlling the population of wax moths.

What is royal jelly? How does it differ from bee bread?

Royal jelly is a protein rich food secreted by hypophyseal glands of young workers for feeding the queen.
Bee bread is prepared by adult workers for all other members of the colony. Bee bread is a mixture of honey and pollen.

How does insects, pests attack the plant and affect it?

Insects, pests attack the plants in three ways:

(i) They cut the root, stem, and leaf.
(ii) They suck the cell-sap from various parts of the plant and.
(iii) They bore into stem and fruits. This way they affect the health of the crop and reduce yields.

Culling is an important aspect of poultry farming. Explain.

Culling is the name given to the process of eliminating undesirable birds or those birds that do not possess the quality for giving enough benefit in return for their culture; An unculled stock may give a serious set back to the farmer. Therefore, culling is an important aspect of poultry farming.

Give the merits and demerits of fish culture.

Merits:
(a) We can have desired type and quantity of fish at will.
(b)Through fish culture we get fish meat which is highly nutritive food containing vitamins, useful fat and most easily digestible protein.
(c)Through properly improved fish culture techniques large amount of fish can be obtained from small area.
(d) Food problems can be solved to some extent.
Demerits : Through fish culture the number of selectively cultured fish are increasing while the less economical fish are being discarded which is causing a threat to biodiversity and fish gene bank.

Distinguish between

(a) Inland fishery and marine fishery
(b) Culture fishery and capture fishery
(c) Aquaculture and pisciculture

(a) Inland fishery is the rearing of fish in freshwater whereas marine fishery is the rearing of fish in seawater.

(b) Culture fishery is the raising of fish in ponds and tanks whereas capture vis management of catching of fish without raising them.
(c) Aquaculture is rearing and management of fish, oysters mussels and other aquatic animals and plants. The pisciculture is rearing, catching and management of catching of fish.

What is the influence of breeding in milk production?

The quality and quantity of milk of some breeds is comparatively much better than others. For example, exotic or foreign breeds of cattle have long lactation periods and give more amount of milk. Jersey cows (Native of Island of Jersey, U.S.A.) and Brown Swiss cows (Native of Switzerland) produce on an average 60 litres of milk in a day. On the other hand, local breeds (for example, Red Sindhi and Sahiwal) produce on an.average only 6-8 litres of milk per day. Milk of Red Sindhi cow contains higher fat than those of Holstien(Native of Holand) and Brown Swiss).

Drought breeds are commonly called _____ of burden

Draught animals are strong and helps in agriculture and are often called as beast of burden.

____ is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg production and chicken meat

Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg production and meat they use the best quality fowls for laying eggs called the egg layers and to obtain meat, the meat broilers.

Milk production can be increased by increasing the lactation period

The lactation period is the period of milk production after the birth of a calf when the lactation period has increased the production of milk also increases.

____ are weak which are not as useful as beast of burden

The dairy breeds are weak and are not as useful as beast of burden. but they have very high milk yields and hence called milch breeds.

Honey bees are reared in artificial hove that is known as

A honey bee is in artificial hove that is known as an apiary. An apiary (also known as a bee yard) is a place where beehives of honey bees are kept during apiculture.

What is an explant culture?

In biology, explant culture is a technique used for the isolation of cells from a piece or pieces of tissue. Tissue harvested in this manner is called as an explant. It can be a portion of the shoot, leaves, or some cells from a plant, or can be any part of the tissue from an animal, or from umblical cord tissue.

.......... determines the type and number of flower available to the bees for the collection of nectar and pollens.

Pasturage is the availability of plants in a particular area for animals like a honeybee. It determines the type and number of flower available to the bees for the collection of nectar and pollen. It also determines the taste and quantity of honey.

Write a note on callus culture.

Callus varies considerably in appearance and texture, ranging from hard nodular cell masses to friable soft ones. They maybe white or creamish, orange, green either in whole or part as a result of chloroplast development. The shape of individual cells within the callus mass ranges from the near spherical or markedly elongated.

A typical unorganized plant callus initiated from a new explants or piece of previously initiated calli has three stages of development.

1. The induction of cell division.

2. A period of active cell division during which differentiated cells lose specialized features they may have acquired and become de–differentiated. Cell division usually occurs in the outer layer of the explants.

3. Period when cell division slows down on ceases and when within the callus, there is increasing cellular differentiat

Callus culturing is performed in the dark while light can be encourage the differentiation of the callus. At the time of long term culture, the culture may loss the requirement for cytokinin and auxins. Manipulation of the auxins to cytokinin ratio in the medium can leads to the development of shoots, roots or somatic embryos from which the plant can be subsequently produced.

What is a callus in a plant tissue culture?

Callus is defined as an unorganized tissue mass growing on solid substrate. Callus forms naturally on plants in response to wounding, infestations, or at graft unions (Bottino, 1981). Callus formation is central to many investigative and applied tissue culture procedures.

What are the benefits of cattle farming?

In an agricultural country like India, cattle farming is also one of the major livelihood of thousands of people.

(1) Milch animals can be reared for the production of milk. Milk is considered a nutritious food and has got a demand in the market.

(2) Draught animals are animals that are used to do labor work in the field. An animal such as Bullock can be used for works like tilling and carting.

(3) Wastes from the cattle can be used to enrich the soil as well as can be used in the biogas production.

How do you differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture?

1. Capture fishing is one of the most common forms of fishing. It is a type of fishing where the fish are obtained from natural resources like rivers, lakes or seas.

2. Mariculture is the cultivation of aquatic, marine life forms for food in the open ocean, ponds, or raceways that are filled with seawater

3. Aquaculture refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of plants and animals in all types of water environments including ponds, rivers, lakes, and the ocean

(a) Write the two limitations of traditional breeding technique that led to the promotion of micropropagation.
(b) Mention two advantages of micropropagation.
(c) Give two examples where it is commercially adopted.

a) The limitations of traditional plant breeding are as follows:

i) It is possible between two plants that can sexually mate with each other thus the addition of new traits is very limited.

ii) During breeding, there is a transference of undesirable traits, which affects the yield of the plant.

b) Advantages of micropropagation are as follows:

i) Production of a large number of plants from a single tissue in short time period. The process can be carried out throughout the year and is independent of seasonal conditions.

ii) It has made possible the production of disease-free plants such as virus-free plants of sweet potato and yam.

c) Micropropagation has been commercially adopted for:

i) Banana cultivation in India from the suckers of the plant using shoot tip for rapid multiplication.

ii) It has been widely used for the commercial production of ornamental plants like lily, orchids, blueberries etc.

Why are beehives kept in a crop field during flowering period? Name any two crop fields where this is practised.

Beehives are kept in a crop field during the flowering period because, in the process of converting the nectar from flowers, they increase the efficiency of pollination. This in return not only increases the crop yield but also increases the honey production. The crop fields in which this is practiced are apple and watermelon fields.

Name the following:
(a) The semi-dwarf variety of wheat is high-yielding and disease-resistant.
(b) Any one inter-specific hybrid mammal.

(a) The semi-dwarf variety of wheat is high-yielding and disease-resistant - Sonalika and Kalyan Sona.
(b) One inter-specific hybrid mammal - Mule (offspring of a male donkey and a female horse)

(a) Name the tropical sugarcane variety grown in South India. How has it helped in improving the sugarcane quality grown in North India?
(b) Identify 'a', 'b' and 'c' in the following table:

(a) The tropical variety in South India is Saccharum officinarum. This variety of sugarcane has higher sugar content and thick stems but it does not grow well in North India. Saccharum barberi is grown in North India but it has poor sugar content and yield. Both the species were crossed to get a hybrid variety which had high sugar content, high yield, thick stems and ability to grow in sugarcane belt of North India. This variety of sugarcane has higher sugar content and thick stems.

(b)

a - Aphids

b - Jassids, aphids and fruit borer

c - Okra

Differentiate between inbreeding and outbreeding in cattle. State one advantage and one disadvantage for each one of them.

Inbreeding refers to mating of related individuals

it results in a decline in survival and reproduction

known as inbreeding depression

outbreeding refers to matings between individuals

from different populations, subspecies or species

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Enumerate four objectives for improving the nutritional quality of different crops for the health benefits of the human population by the process of "Biofortification".

Biofortification for improved nutritional quality is undertaken with the objectives of improving:

Protein content and quality
Oil content and quality
Vitamin content
Micronutrient and mineral content

What is apiculture? How is it important in our lives?

Apiculture is rearing of honeybees for honey and wax. Honey is used as home remedy for various infections as well as a food source; wax is used in polishing and cosmetic products. Bee pollens are used as suppliment in the form of capsules. Apiculture has served as earning source for many people.

Explain biofortification.

Plant breeding done with the aim to raise crops having a higher level of nutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fat content) by conventional plant breeding methods and modern biotechnology is called as biofortification. It aims to increase the nutrient level as well as the quality of nutrients (oils and proteins) during plant growth to improve public health.

Discuss the role of fishery in enhancement of food production.

The fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic animals which are economically important. It plays an important role in the Indian economy because a large part of the Indian population is dependent on fishes as a source of food, which is both cheap and high in animal protein.
The fishery is an employment-generating industry especially for people staying in the coastal areas. Both freshwater fishes (such as Catla, Rohu, etc) and marine fishes (such as tuna, mackerel, Pomfret, etc.) are of high economic value.

Name any five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India.

Sonalika (wheat), Jaya (rice), Pusa shubra (cauliflower), Pusa komal (cowpea) and Pusa swarnim (mustard) are the hybrid vareity of crop plant which have been produced in India.

Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher.
(a) Single cell protein(SCP)
(b) Soil

a) Single cell protein(SCP)

Single cell protein is a protein obtained from pure or mixed cultures of algae, bacteria etc. that have 30-70% of protein content in their dry mass. Methylophilyus methylotrophus is a bacterial species that produces single cell protein. It is used as a food supplement by humans as well as animals.

Chlorella is a single-celled green algae belonging to the phylum Chlorophyta. It is rich in proteins that contain essential that amino acids needed for tissue building and maintenance of metabolic pathways. Hence it is consumed as a source of protein.

b) Soil

The microbes such as protozoans, fungi and bacteria in soil help in the breaking down of the complex organic matter. Hence they act as decomposers and form a part of Detritus food chain. This food chain helps in soil replenishment by adding nutrients to the soil.

One honey bee hive consists of different types of bees. What are they? How they differ from each other?

Honey bees live in beehives. They are social insects which live in colonies hence, a hive consists of different types of bees. A beehive consists of a single queen, hundreds of male drones and thousands of female worker bees.

Drones or male bees have large eyes. They do not have a stinger. Their main function is to fertilize the queen.

Worker bees do the labours of the hive. They have stingers to defend the beehive.

Queen bee is the largest in size. Its main function is to lay eggs.

What is artificial insemination? Mentions two ways in which it is useful in the breeding of diary animals.

Artificial insemination is done to get a better variety of animals. In this method semen from the desired type of animal (e.g bull) is collected and preserved by chemical methods or freezing. This preserved semen is then injected into the genital tract of the chosen cow during its maximum fertility period. The normal reproductive process then occurs and the progeny thus obtained is a hybrid of desired characters.
Usefulness in breeding animals:
(i) It is economical as semen from a desired animal example, a bull can be transported to faraway places while transporting the animal is not easy.
(ii) High-quality semen is available all the time but a high-quality bull may not be available all the time and at all places.

Define biofortification.

Biofortification is the process of breeding staple crops to have higher levels of essential nutrients either through selective breeding or genetic modifications. For example, biofortification of wheat with zinc, golden rice.

What is Blue-Revolution?

Blue Revolution means a remarkable increase in the production of fish and marine products. It sees the emergence of aquaculture as one of the most important forms of agricultural activity. Aquaculture means all form of active culture of animals and plants living in marine, brackish and freshwater. The Blue revolution was launched by Union Minister for agriculture Mr. Radha Mohan Singh.

Give the economic importance of fisheries.

The economic importance of fisheries is as followed:
1. It provides good job opportunity and self-employment to many people.
2. Fishes are the source of nutritious food.
3. Fishes yield a number of by-products which are of commercial value. These by-products are fish oil, fish meat, fertiliser, fish glue, etc.
4. These by-products are widely used in paints, soaps, oils and medicines.
5. Prawns, lobsters have high market value all over the world.

Write a short note on mutational breeding.

The incorporation of induced mutations in the process of plant breeding to develop new varieties is called mutational breeding. In this process, seeds are treated with a suitable mutagen which may be chemical or radiation (gamma radiation). After the treatment with mutagens seeds are grown in the field and self-pollinated. The obtained progeny will be grown in the next crop season. It results into a mutant line which is used as mutant variety. For example, in mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutations. Several wheat varieties were also produced using the induced mutation like Sonora-64, Sharabati, Sonora etc.

What is artificial insemination?

Artificial Insemination is the deposition of male reproductive cells in the female reproductive cells in the female reproductive tract by mechanical means rather than by natural mating. It can be used to treat infertility.

What is fish farming? Explain the characters of cultivable fishes.

Fish farming is the process of cultivation of fish for profit. Fish farming may be categorised as freshwater fish farming, brackish water fish farming, saltwater or marine fish farming.

Characters of fish which can be used for cultivation:

Fishes grow to a larger size in a shorter period.
The cultured species of fish should be able to adapt to the local climatic conditions.
The fish should have the capacity to tolerate wide fluctuations in the physiochemical conditions such as oxygen, salinity, temperature etc of the water.

Mention the advantage of artificial insemination in cattle?

Artificial insemination permits long distance transport of semen by air, avoids spreading of genital diseases and increase the rate of conception. Further, this method permits use of semen from injured and old animals and helps in detecting genital abnormalities or infection in cows.

Explain the term hypophysation.

There are different methods which are used in the breeding techniques. Hypophysation is one the method which is used in fish breeding. The fishes are injected with an extract which is prepared from the pituitary gland. There are hormones which are released by the gland in the extract like the gonadotropins. The gonadotropins play an important role in increasing the frequency of breeding in the fishes.

Explain the terms-prolapse, deworming, cannibalism and dubbing in poultry.

Prolapse: Prolapse is the condition in which there is complete falling or descendence of the uterus. The oviduct and the eggs in the uterus are also removed along with the uterus. When there is more fat in the diet and the size of the eggs are very large, this condition may occur.

Deworming: Deworming is the process in which the diseased birds are treated. Generally, the intestinal parasites like the worms are treated and removed from the body of the birds. The treatment is given at certain time intervals.

Cannibalism: The other birds in the group keep on pecking the cloaca which is known as cannibalism. The cloaca and intestinal parts are eaten by the other birds. The nutrient deficiency problems can result in the habit of cannibalsim.

Dubbing: The comb of the birds are pruned or removed for protection against damage. This is known as dubbing. Sometimes the wattles are also removed.

Describe the cell structure of spirogyra.

Spirogyra is an aquatic plant. The body of the plant is filamentous and unbranched. There are multiple cells which are arranged linearly in the filament. The cell wall is made up of cellulose and pectose. There is mucilage which is present surrounding the cell wall. There is a single large nucleus which is suspended in the cytoplasm. There are many vacuoles. There is spiral shaped, coiled strands of chloroplasts which fill the entire cell. There are many pyrenoids which are used for the storage of food.

Mention any three culture media used in plant tissue culture.

The important culture media used for all purpose experiment and Murashige and Skoog medium (MS medium), Gamborg medium (B5 medium), White medium (W medium) and Nitsch medium.

How did plant techniques help north Indian farmers to develop cane with desired characters?

The suitable techniques used by the north Indian farmers to develop cane with desired characters are as follows:

1) The clonal selection which helps to select desirable clones from the genetically mixed population like the selection of plant with high yield.

2) Hybridization which helps to get the hybrid variety with desired characters like disease resistant, tolerance to abiotic stress.

Vidya got a plant that was affected by a viral disease. Her objective is to raise a disease-free plant from this infected plant through tissue culture. Which part of the plant should be selected as the explant?

The explant should be selected as the apical tip or the bud. This region is composed of the meristematic tissues. These cells are in rapid deciding phase and hence they are not infected by any bacterial or viral agent. These tissues help in the development of the disease-free plants.

What is SCP?

Single cell protein refers to the protein extracted from dead or dried biomass of micro organisms like algae, fungi or bacteria. These protein can be used as a substitute in edible products for both human and animal consumption.

State the reason for the selection of this part as the explant.

Answer in 200 to 250 words:
What is inbreeding? Mention the significance of inbreeding.

Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the breeding of organisms that are related genetically. The significance of inbreeding are-

It increases the frequency of pairing of similar genes.
It enables the breeder to find out and eliminate harmful recessive genes within the population.
It is also essential in the development of distinct family lines.
This technique is used to maintain genetic relationship by breeders animals such as cows with excellent genes.

Write a note on single cell protein.

Single cell protein is a protein extracted from the pure or mixed culture of organism or cells such as algae, bacteria etc. It is used as a food supplement to humans and animals. It is produced by the microorganism which has 30-70% of protein content in its dry mass. There are many organisms which are sued for the production of single cell protein:

Alage: Chlorella, Spirulina and Chlamydomonas.

Fungi: Agaricus campestris, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Volvariella.

Uses of SCP: SCP can be used as a food supplement to humans (food grade) or animals (feed grade). It has application in animal nutrition as fattening calves, poultry and fish breeding. In food, it is used as aroma carrier, vitamin carrier, emulsifying agent and to improve nutrition value of baked products, soups, in ready to serve meals and in the technical field in paper processing, leather processing and as foam stabilisers.

What is inbreeding depression? How is it controlled?

Inbreeding is the mating between organisms which are related genetically. Inbreeding depression is the decrease biological fitness in a given population because of inbreeding for many generations. The higher the genetic variation within a breeding population less are the chances of inbreeding depression. Hence, inbreeding depression can be reversed by introducing alleles from a different population.

A herd of cattle is showing reduced fertility and productivity. Provide one reason and one suggestion to overcome this problem.

A herd of cattle showing reduced fertility and productivity because of inbreeding depression. Whenever such problem occurs, the selected animal should be mated with the unrelated superior animal of the same breed. Such breeding helps to restore the fertility and productivity.

Write the desirable characters a farmer looks for in his sugarcane crop.

The desirable character for a sugarcane plant are as follows:

1) Disease resistant plant

2) Plant with high cane yield

3) plant with higher tolerance to abiotic stress

4) Plant with high cane yield

Resistance is the ability to prevent the pathogen from causing disease.
(1) Elucidate the steps in breeding for disease resistance.
(2) Cite two examples for virus resistant plants.

Steps in breeding for producing disease resistance plants are-

a. Selection and screening of pure lines with seeds having the ability of disease resistance.

b. Hybridization of selected parent plant with superior traits.

c. Selection and evaluation of hybrids with traits for disease resistance.

d. Releasing the new varieties into the market.

Two examples for virus resistant plants are-

1. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a TMV CP gene are resistant to Tobacco Mosaic Virus.

2. Potato mosaic virus (PMV) strain N605 provides resistance in transgenic potato plants.

250 Kg cow produces 200 g of protein/day, in the same period 250 g of Methylophilyus methylotrophus produce 25 tonnes of protein. Then what is single cell protein?

Single cell protein is a protein obtained from pure or mixed cultures of algae, bacteria etc. that have 30-70% of protein content in their dry mass. Methylophilyus methylotrophus is a bacterial species that produces single cell protein. It is used as a food supplement by humans as well as animals. The bacterium has a high growth rate which allows high yield of the products.

Microbes can also be used as a source of energy. Substantiate with suitable examples.

Single cell protein is a protein obtained from pure or mixed cultures of algae, bacteria etc. that have 30-70% of protein content in their dry mass. It is used as a food supplement by humans as well as animals. Materials such as gas oil, methane, methanol and n-alkanes are of interest used in SCP production. These are a rich source of proteins and energy.

What is totipotency? Describe the important method of tissue culture with the help of diagram.

Totipotency is the ability of a cell to form the complete organism. A plant cell can form the complete plant because of totipotency.

Tissue culture works on the basis of totipotency. It is the in vitro culture of Plant cell, tissues and even organs. Tissue culture involves following steps:

1. Preparation of nutrient medium

Most common nutrient medium used for plant tissue culture is MS medium.

2. Explant is taken and put on nutrient medium

Explant is any excised part of the plant which can regenerate into a complete plant.

3. Optimum conditions are provide to the cultures.

4. Proper aseptic conditions are made to avoid contamination.

5. Cultures when grown can further be sub cultured.

Describe the following:
(a)Biofortification
(b) Tissue culture.

(a) Biofortification: It is the process by which the nutritional value of food is improved using various techniques like agronomic practices, conventional selective breeding, genetic engineering or modern biotechnology. It aims to combat malnutrition in developing countries. It is a means of delivering micronutrients to the large population.

(b) Tissue culture: It is the process by which the tissue or cell obtained from living organism is grown in an artificial culture medium. Broth or agar is the common media used in tissue culture.

Write short notes on the following:
(i) SCP
(ii) Tissue culture

(i) Single Cell Protein:

The conventional practices of agriculture for the production of cereals, fruits vegetables, pulses, etc. may not be able to meet the demand for food at the rate at which the population is increasing.
Also shift from grains to meet also creates more demand as for producing 1 kg of meat by animal farming, 3-10 kg of grain is used. So there is an alternate source of proteins for animal and human nutrition which is Single Cell Protein or SCP in which microbes are being grown at a large industrial scale as a good source of proteins.
Microbes like Spirulina are easy to grow as they can be grown on waste materials like wastewater from potato processing plants (as they contain starch), molasses, animal manure, and even sewage too to produce large quantities which can serve as food rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins.
It has been estimated that 250g of microbes with a high rate of biomass production can produce approximately 25 tonnes of proteins per day.

(ii) Tissue Culture:

Tissue culture is in vitro culture of a plant cell, tissues, or organs. Totipotency is the basis for tissue culture. It is the ability of a plant cell to form the whole plant.
Tissue culture involves in vitro cultivation of plant cells in an undifferentiated mass of cells called callus. The callus then forms the complete plant.
Plant cells become differentiated and lose the ability to divide. The cells can be made to redivide by providing nutrient conditions and this ability to revert back to dividing form is called dedifferentiation which results in the formation of an undifferentiated mass of cells called callus. The callus then undergoes redifferentiation and forms the complete plant and this is also called regeneration.
Requirements of plant tissue culture:

1. Nutrient media

2. Sterilized or aseptic conditions should be made.

3. Proper environmental conditions like temperature should be maintained.

4. Regular observation and evaluation of cultures are important so to as prevent contamination.

Fill in the blanks :
Rearing of birds for egg and meat is called ________

Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food. Chickens raised for eggs are called layers while chickens raised for meat are called broilers.

Why is biofortification considered as the most practical means to improve public health ? Explain taking three examples.

Biofortification or breeding crops with higher levels of vitamin and minerals, or higher protein and healthier fats is the most practical means to improve public health. Improved nutritional quality is undertaken with the aim of improving protein content and quality, oil content, vitamin content, micronutrient and mineral nutrient and mineral content.

Example:

1. In 2000, maize hybrids that had twice the amount of the amino acids, lysine and trytophan compared to existing maize hybrids were developed.

2. Wheat variety Atlas 66, having protein content has been used as a donor for improving cultivated wheat.

3. It has been possible to develop an iron-fortified rice variety containing over five times as much iron as in commonly consumed varieties.

Answer the following question:
Name any two dual purpose breeds of cattle.

Dual-purpose breed is an animal breed such as chickens, beef/dairy cattle, sheep, goats, ducks, geese, pigs, hops, etc. that provide at least 2 kinds of resources (food such as meat, eggs, and milk; wool, hide) or skills (such as with some hunting dogs and pigeons).

The dual-purpose breeds of cattle are:

Sahiwal: The breed is regarded as one of the best dairy breeds in India due to its excellent ability to produce sufficient amounts of milk, good carcass quality and its resistance to drought, parasite-borne diseases, and harsh climatic conditions. Its average milk production is 2270 kg per lactation.
Gir: The gir breed is distinct from other cattle breeds due to its qualities like weight, height and natural beauty. It has a high tolerance to diseases, harsh climatic conditions, and tick infestation among other qualities. It produces 4000-5000 kg of milk per lactation with 4.5% butterfat content.

Give any five features of good shelter for milch animals.

Features of good shelter for milch animals.are:

1. Animal shelter should be very clean, well ventilated and well-lit.

2. Cattle should have proper sheds, so that animals are safe from rain, cold and heat.

3. The floor should have a proper sloping so that urine and excreta can be disposed of easily.

4. Animals should have proper feeding and drinking tubs.

5. Animal shelter should be spacious and there should not be overcrowding.

6. It should have arrangements for clean fresh drinking water.

7. The shelter should give protection from predators.

8. Shelter should be located away from the residential areas and waste disposal sites.

What type of food you would suggest for cattle in order to get good quality of milk ?

Hay and various grasses do contain protein, most beef cattle get their protein from legumes. Soybeans are the most common protein source, followed by cottonseed meal and linseed. Some farmers feed their beef cattle mineral blocks that also include extra protein.

Name any two exotic breeds of fowl in India, and mention their usefulness.

Leghorn and Rhode Island Red are examples of exotic breeds of fowl in India.

Leghorns are good layers of white eggs, laying an average of 280 per year and sometimes reaching 300–320, with a weight of at least 55 g.[6] White Leghorns have been much used to create highly productive egg-laying hybrids for commercial and industrial operations.

the Rhode Island Red was developed as a dual-purpose breed, to provide both meat and eggs. Since about 1940, it has been selectively bred predominantly for egg-laying qualities, and the modern industrial Rhode Island Red is a layer breed. Rhode Island Reds have been used in the creation of many modern hybrid breeds, mainly due to the prolific egg laying abilities of the Rhode Island Red. The traditional dual-purpose "old-type" Rhode Island Red lays 200–300 brown eggs per year, and yields rich-flavored meat suitable for making chicken stew.

How is plant tissue culture carried out, and what are the benefits of plant tissue culture?

The differentiated plant cell can be provided with the necessary nutrients and water such that the single cell is developed into the complete organism.

What is artificial insemination? Mention its two advantages in breeding of dairy animals.

In artificial insemination, the semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a patent and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder.

Advantages in breeding :

1) The semen may be used immediately or can be frozen and used at a later date. It can also be transported in a frozen form to where the female is housed. In this way, desirable matings are carried.

2) Artificial insemination helps us overcome several problems of normal mating.

Application based questions.
Why is it that the organs can not be taken from just anybody? Why is that the doctors check?

Tissue matching, blood group matching are essential before undertaking any transplant, otherwise the grafts would be rejected sooner or later. The body is able to differentiate self and non-self and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the transplant rejections.

What is the difference between roughage and concentrates in cattle feed? Name one source of each for dairy animals.

• Roughage is simply referred to as dietary fiber. It is the indigestible portion of the food. Roughage do not provide any nutrient to our body but play an important role in digestion and more water uptake.

• Concentrate is low fiber, high energy feeds. They may be low medium or high protein. Most often they are fed to raise the energy level for dairy cattle and compensate for any other deficiencies.

Source of roughage - sugarcane bagasse

Source of concentrate - barley, wheat etc.

Differentiate between.
Implant and prosthesis

Implant is a tissue or organ inserted surgically into the human body to replace a defective one, whereas prosthesis is an artificial substitute for a missing part.

Application based question.
List any four objective that you would recommend for biofortification.

To improve protein contents and quality; oil contents and quality; vitamin contents; and micronutrient and mineral contents.

Differentiate between.
Euploids and aneuploids

Plants that contain an exact multiple of the haploid set of chromosomes are said to be euploids. On the other hand, plants whose chromosome number is not an exact multiple of the basic number of the group are said to be aneuploids.

Differentiate between.
Autopolyploids and allopolyploids

The polyploids which have evolved from plants with the lower chromosome number by a direct increase of the number are called autopolyploids. Whereas the polyploids which have evolved by increase in chromosome number after crossing with other species are called allopolyploids. This type of polyploidy may be produced from hybridization of two closely related species.

Differentiate between.
Rearing and brooding

The care and management of poultry birds is called rearing. Whereas brooding is the care and management up to 4 to 6 weeks of the newly hatched young ones (chicks).

What is cross-breeding? Mention any two advantages of cross breed cattle

In Cross breeding - superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed.

Advantage :

It allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined.

The progeny hybrid animals are used for commercial production.

In what essential ways is poultry farming advantageous over raising cows or buffaloes?

Poultry farming is advantageous over raising cows or buffaloes in the following ways :

1. It requires less investment compared to rearing cattle. This means that small and marginal farmers and even agricultural laborers can start farming on a small scale.

2. It gives rapid return on investment. The interval between generations is very small and hence, production can be phenomenally increased within a short period.

3. Broilers intake of feed is comparatively very low. Poultry is capable of utilizing as its feed large quantities of byproducts like bran, substandard grains, vegetables etc. which normally go as waste, thus saving for the farmer a portion of his expenses towards poultry feed.

4. Poultry farm in requires very little water for both drinking and cleaning. One litre of water is sufficient for 5 birds for a day.

(a) Explain how to overcome inbreeding depression in cattle
(b) List three advantages of inbreeding in cattle
(c) Name an improved breed of cattle.

(a) Allowing the mating of selected animals of breeding population with unrelatedly superior animals of the same breed helps to overcome the inbreeding depression in Cattle. This also helps to restore the fertility and yield.

(b) Advantages of Inbreeding in Cattle:

(i) It helps in evolving a pureline in any animal.

(ii) It exposes the harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection.

(iii) It helps in the accumulation of superior genes.

Differentiate between inbreeding and out breeding in cattle. State one advantage and disadvantage for each

Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.

Advantage - Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Thus inbreeding is necessary if we want to evolve a pure line in any animal.

Disadvantage - Continued inbreeding, usually reduce fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression.

Crossbreeding refers to the mating of superior males of one breed with superior females of another breed.

Advantage - This allows the desirable qualities of two breeds to be combined.

Disadvantage - Will loose homozygosity.

List any two economically important product for humans obtained from Apis indica.

Two economically important product for humans obtained from Apis indica are:

1. Honey

2. Bee Wax

List any four important components of Poultry Farm Management.

Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for food or for their eggs. Four components of poultry farm management are as follows :

• Selection of disease-free and suitable breed.

• Proper and safe farm conditions.

• Proper feed and water and hygiene.

• Health care.

Write the name of the following:
(a) The most common species of bees suitable for apiculture
(b) An improved breed of chicken.

Most common species of bees suitable for apiculture are Apis indica (Indian bee), Apis florea (little bee).

Aseel is an improved breed of chicken.

Differentiate between.
Inbreeding and outbreeding

When breeding is between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding, while crosses between different breeds are called outbreeding. In general, inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.

Give the scientific name of the most common species of honey bee reared in India. Why is it advantageous to keep bee hives in crop fields during flowering periods?

The scientific name is Apis indica F. (Indian bee). Keeping beehives in crop fields increases pollination efficiency and crop yield too. Bees collect nectar from the flowers of crop plants to make honey and thus honey yield can also be increased.

What is meant by biofortification?

Biofortification is the process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding or modern biotechnology.

Example - 1golden rice.

What are hybrids? briefly describe their production and importance in boosting animal and crop productions.

Hybrid is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Hybrids between different species within the same genus are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses.
Hybrid animals were created to enhance the characteristics of the breed by combining the beneficial characters of two breeds. For example, the mule was the combination of horse and donkey which enhanced the mule to have more strength of the horse and endurance and footedness of the donkey.
Hybrid plants were chosen to improve the characters of the plants such as better yield, greater uniformity, improved colour, disease resistance. For example, the Bt cotton which was modified pest-resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to bollworm.

Explain the term inbreeding depression.

Inbreeding depression is the loss in productivity and fertility of an offspring as result of continuous breeding between closely related individuals of a species of plants or animals.

Discuss 'Fisheries have an important place in Indian economy.'

Fisheries have an important place in the Indian economy as:

It acts as a source of income and employment to many fishermen, particularly in coastal areas.
Fish and other aquatic animals are an important source of food as it is rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins.
It has a role in the enhancement of food production.
It supplements the availability of meat and eggs for meeting the nutritional requirement.

What is bee-keeping? Write any four point for successful bee-keeping?

Bee-Keeping is the rearing and management of honey bees for obtaining honey and beeswax.
Five points which are important for successful bee-keeping are as followed
a) Knowledge of nature and habit of bees.
b) Selection of suitable location for keeping the beehives.
c) Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees).
d) management of beehives during different seasons.
e) Handling and collection of honey and beeswax.

What are the important components of poultry farm management?

Important components of poultry farm management are:

1. Selection of disease free and suitable breeds.

2. Providing proper and safe farm conditions.

3. Provision of proper water and feed.

4. Maintenance of proper hygiene.

5. Maintenance of proper health care.

Write the meaning of following terms.
(a) Explant
(b) Totipotency
(c) Somaclones

(a) Explant : Explant is a small part of a plant or living tissue that is taken out aseptically and is grown in a test tube under sterile condition in a special nutrient media. It should have the ability to convert into totipotent cells.

(b) Totipotency : Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and differentiate into different types of cells. For examples, spores, bone marrow cells are totipotent cells.

(c) Somaclones : The plants which are produced through micropropagation are genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown. They are called as somaclones.

Explain the term Interspecific hybridisation.

Interspecific hybridisation refers to crossing between male and female animals of two different species. This crossing is done to combine desirable features. For example, mule and hinny. Mule is formed from interspecific hybridisation between a male donkey and a female horse whereas hinny is formed from interspecific hybridisation between a female donkey and a male horse.

Differentiate between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells.

Totipotent stem cells are capable of giving rise to any part of the body. They are highly undifferentiated. For example the meristematic cells in plants and the zygote in humans.

Pleuripotent cells can give rise to specific body organs, for example, the embryonic cells in humans.

Name an improved breed of cattle.

Gir is the improved breed of cow which produces milk yield ranges from 1200-1800 kgs per lactation.
This bread is known for its hardiness and disease resistance.

Explain the following term in one or two sentences-bio-fortified foods.

Bio-fortified foods. With the help of genetic engineering techniques, biotechnologies have developed plants which are rich in nutritional content. These are potato with increased starch content up to $$20-40\%$$, Tomato with delayed ripening, golden rice which is rich in vitamin A.

What is economic value of Spirulina?

Spirulina (blue-green algae) is an SCP which is rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals, a small number of ats and carbohydrates. It is used as supplementary food for humans and animals.

How does transgenic crops technique differ from normal breeding activities?

Transgenic Crops Technique

In this technique, any gene can be used for transfer.

Change in genotype can be controlled.

Normal Breeding Activities

In normal breeding, only those genes can be used that are present in such species that can be hybridized with them.

Changes cannot be controlled and occur in all those traits for which the parents used in hybridization differ from each other.

What are the three varieties of Indian bees?

Honey bee belongs to the class Insecta. There are 5 types of bees found in the world. Out of these 5 types, three varieties are found in India. They are called as Indian bees. These are Apis dorsata, Apis florea and Apis indica.

Find out the role of microbes in the following and discuss it with your teacher.
(i) Single cell protein (SCP), (ii) Soil

(i) Single Cell Protein (SCP) is protein rich microbial biomass which can be used as food and feed. SCP has all the essential amino acids. Fat content is low. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs are used as SCP. Amongst autotrophs. Spirulina has become an important food supplement which is used in various forms including tablets. It has 60% protein, all minerals, vitamins and unsaturated fats. Amongst heterotrphs, yeast and mushrooms are being raised as SCP. There is an increasing use of low cost organic matter (saw dust, paddy husk and other organic wastes) for raising SCP like Fusarium graminearum and common mushrooms.
(ii) Soil. Microbes take part in formation and maintenance of soil. (a) They add organic matter to freshly formed soil.The process is called humification. (b) They act as scavengers and remove orgainc remains. (c) Microbes take part in biogeochemical circulation. (d) Some microbes act as biofertilizers and biopesticides.

How has the mutation breeding helped in improving crop varieties? Give one example where this technique has helped.

Mutation breeding sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars. It helps in the crop variety in the following ways:-
    • Mutation breeding can be used for both oligogenic and polygenic traits in plants.
    • It improves morphological and physiological characters of cultivated crops.
    • Mutation breeding can improve the disease resistance of crop plants.
    • Induced mutations can induce desirable mutant alleles in crop plants.
    • Mutation breeding can be used to improve the specific characters of a well-adapted high yielding variety.
For example- Jiahezazhan and Jiafuzhan rice.

The doctor has recommended Spirulina supplement to Kavita's father because he is weak and does not lead a normal life.
(i) Why did the doctor recommend Spirulina?
(ii) It is also useful for Kavita.
(iii) Can it be produced in the laboratory?

(i) Because it is rich in protein.
(ii) It is beneficial for growth and development.
(iii) It can be produced in the laboratory throughout the year. It belongs to the category of single cell protein (SCP).

Rakesh asked the following question from his father and requested him to answer.
(i) Please tell me two superior varieties of cows.
(ii) What are the products obtained from beekeeping?
(iii) What is floriculture?
(iv) What are the methods increasing commercial production of plants?

(i) Jersey and Holstein.
(ii) Honey and wax.
(iii) Floriculture is growing of ornamental flowers for commercial purpose.
(iv) Plant Tissue Culture is one of the methods widely used for this purpose especially for orchids.

Explain the concept of the Blue Revolution.

The term 'blue revolution' refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity. It has a vision to achieve economic prosperity of the country and the fishers and fish farmers as well as contribute towards food and nutritional security through full potential utilization of water resources for fisheries development in a sustainable manner, keeping in view the bio-security and environmental concerns.

It brings a high aquaculture in India. Aquaculture refers to all forms of active culturing of aquatic animals and plants, occurring in marine, brackish or fresh waters.

What is apiculture?

Explanation-

Apiculture is the technical term for bee-keeping.
Beekeeping is a commercial culture of bees. Bees are kept in the apiaries by humans to produce commercially valuable products such as honey, bee wax, and propolis.
In the cultural procedure, manmade hives are kept and different groups of bees are kept including the queen bee and worker bee.
The bees build hives and collect honey, which is then collected and marketed.

Write a note on Single Cell Protein (SCP).

Single Cell Protein (SCP) is referred to the protein derived from the dried cells of micro-organisms like yeast, fungi, bacteria, and algae. These are often used as protein supplements in human foods or animal feeds. These micro-organisms utilize the various organic wastes or feedstocks as their main carbon source for their growth and synthesis of protein concentrate and amino acids. Increase in the population and shortage of protein supply can be overcome by the massive production of SCP.

Other than the advantages, it can't simply replace the natural protein sources as SCP contains a higher nucleic acid content and also its digestibility is very slow.

Describe different methods of animal breeding and mention their significance.

The different methods of animal breeding include:

1. Inbreeding and 2. Outbreeding

When breeding takes place between animals of the same breed for more than 4-5 generations, its often referred to as inbreeding.

Inbreeding helps to maintain a pure line of any animal. It helps to accumulate superior genes and eliminate the less desired genes. But continued inbreeding leads to a decrease in productivity and quality and is termed as inbreeding depression.

When breeding takes place between unrelated individuals of the same breed (cross-breeding) or between different breeds (inter-specific hybridization) is often referred to as outbreeding.

Outbreeding is considered as the best strategy of animal breeding to increase the productivity and quality of animals.

Explain how the plant breeding techniques has helped the sugar industry in north india?

The sugarcane variety grown in North India was Saccharum barberi which had poor sugar content and yield.
Whereas, the sugarcane variety grown in South India Saccharum officinarum had thicker stems and higher sugar content but cannot grow well in the climatic conditions of North India.
These two species were crossed or hybridised to bring the desirable characters into one species.
Thus, the hybrid variety produced desirable quantities of high yield, thick stems sugarcanes with high sugar content and also had the ability to grow in North India.

What is the difference between capture fishery and culture fishery?

CAPTURE FISHERY	CULTURE FISHERY
In this type of fishery, the aquatic animals are captured from the natural water bodies for food, ornamental and other purposes.	The fishery that is based on the culture of a particular aquatic animal in the confined environment.
Special care of fish is not required.	Care is required for growing fishes.

What is plant breeding? Describe various steps involved in the classical breeding of plants.

Plant breeding: it consists of the principle and the method required for favourably changing the genetic constitution of crop plants. This activity usually produces crop varieties better suited to human needs.

Following are the steps of classical breeding:

Collection of variability: collection and preservation of all the different wild varieties, species and relatives of the cultivated species is a pre requisite for effective exploitation of natural genes available in the population.

Evaluation and selection of parents: the selected plants are multiplied and used in the process of hybridization. Pure lines are created wherever desirable and possible.

Cross hybridization among the selected parents: the desired characters have very often to be combined from two different parents. This is possible by cross hybridizing the two parents to produce hybrids that genetically combine the desired characters in one plant. it is not necessary that the hybrid does combine the desirable characters usually only one in a few hundred to a thousand crosses shows the desirable combination.
Selection and testing of superior recombinations: The selection process is crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny. This step yields plants that are superior to both of the parents.
Testing, release, and commercialization of new cultivars: the evaluation is done by growing these plants in the research fields and recording their performance under ideal fertilizer application, irrigation and other crop management practices. The evaluation in the research field is followed by testing the material in farmer's fields, for at least three growing seasons at several locations in the country, representing all the agro-climatic zones where the crop is usually grown.

Define the following:
a) Totipotency
b) Cell
c) Autophagy
d) Centrioles

A. Totipotency is the ability of a cell to form the whole organism.

B. Cell is the basic unit of life. It is the structural and functional unit of living organisms.

C. Autophagy is a kind of self degrading process or intracellular degradation in which cytoplasmic constituents are delivered to the lysosomes where they are degraded and destroyed.

D. Centrioles are the cell organelles present in animal cells which are involved in the formation of spindle fibres during cell division.

Single cell proteins can be used as an alternative sources of proteins for human nutrition. Illustrate with two examples.

Microbes are being grown on an industrial scale as a source of good protein. Microbes like Spirulina can be grown easily on material like waste material.
An organism like Methylophillus methylotrophus because of its high rate of biomass production and growth, can be expected to produce tonnes of protein.

As a biologist explain the technique to a dairy farmer for increasing the yield of herd size of cattle in a short time.

MOET stands for Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer, it is a technique which is used to increase the reproduction rate of single or group of animal.
All female population of the animal is capable of producing more eggs than they need in their lifetime.
MOET technique uses Follicle Stimulating Hormone.

Differentiate between cross breeding and out crossing.

Cross Breeding	Out Crossing
1. Superior males of a breed are mated with superior females of another breed.	1. Same breed of animals having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree for up to 4- 6 generations are mated.
2. A new superior breed is developed. Example- Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.	2. It helps to overcome inbreeding depression. Example- Mule

Identify the following diagram and mention its function?

The given diagram represents a neuron. A neuron is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. These signals between neurons occur via specialized connections called synapses.
Neurons can connect to each other to form neural pathways, and neural circuits.
Neurons are the primary components of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and of the peripheral nervous system, which comprises the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

Explain the term Callus.

$$\textbf{Callus:}$$

$$\bullet$$ A callus is an unorganized mass of cells which is isolated from a plant organ or tissue.

$$\bullet$$ These are mainly parenchymatous tissues forming a mass of cells.

$$\bullet$$ If proper growth modulators and artificial nutrient media are provided, then this callus can form the complete plant.

$$\bullet$$ The callus formation in the callus culture can initiate the process of somatic embryogenesis.

$$\bullet$$ By using the plant growth modulators, the totipotent cells of the plant cell mass or callus can be differentiated to produce the complete plant.

Mention any three strategies in dairy farm management.

Dairy is one of the largest growing agriculture-based industry where milch cattle are used for the production of milk and many other dairy products.

The first and foremost important thing in dairy management is the selection of the cattle that are to be kept on the farm. A different breed of cattle has different quantity and quality of milk production depending on the area in which they are found and the climate of the area. So the cattle breed should be selected as per that.
The second most important thing is the maintenance of cattle. The hygiene and food of the cattle should be maintained. The cattle where the reside that area should be kept clean and regularly sanitized so that the pathogenic organisms that can cause disease in the cattle should be eradicated. The cattle should be vaccinated for the disease time to time. Fodder that is to be provided to the cattle should be maintained as per the scientific basis which has a balance of all the nutrients that is required by the cattle. Workers that are working with the cattle should also maintain a level of hygiene so that neither they or the cattle are effect by any disease.
And finally, the cattle that are the best for the dairy should be selected to produce more progeny so that their trait is passed down and a group of best milch/dairy cattle is produced.

What are seasonal breeders?

Seasonal breeders are animal species that successfully mate only during certain times of the year. These time of year allow for the optimization of survival of young due to factors such as temperature, food and water availability.

Name the methods by which the desirable qualities are incorporated into plants to improve the variety.

Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce the desired characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals.

It is a method of breeding of crops with high lenels of vitamins, minerals, minerals, healthier fats to improve public health.

Biofortification is the method of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be done either through conventional selective breeding or through genetic engineering. As such, biofortification is seen as an upcoming strategy for dealing with deficiencies of micronutrients in the developing world.

Write a note on selection and testing of superior recombination in plant breeding
hybrid with desired character combination are selected from the progeny.

Selection and Testing of Superior Recombinants:

This step comprises selecting, among the progeny of the hybrids, those plants that have the desired character combination. The selection process yields plants that are superior to both of the parents. These plants are self-pollinated for several generations till they come to a state of uniformity (homozygosity) so that the characters will not separate in the progeny. Selection is of two types— self-pollinated and cross-pollinated.

Give three management practices that are common in dairy and poultry farming.

Common practice in dairy and poultry farming are :

1. Proper shelter facilities and their regular cleaning.

2. Some basic hygienic conditions such as clean water, nutritious food, etc.

3. Animals are kept in spacious, airy and ventilated places.

Explain the term Explant.

Explant is referred to as the cell or tissue which is taken from a particular body and then placed in a culture medium for growth.
In terms of plants, the explant is the small pieces of plant part and issues that are aseptically cut and then they are kept in a nutrient medium.

For the culture, this can be taken from different plant parts which can dedifferentiate into totipotent cells.

The explants are placed in the aseptic condition and the nutrient medium.

Define inbreeding depression.

Inbreeding depression (IBD) is the effect of inbreeding measured as the reduction in mean phenotypic performance with increasing levels of inbreeding within a population. It refers to reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding, or breeding of related individuals. Population biological fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive and perpetuate its genetic material. Inbreeding depression is often the result of a population bottleneck.

The part of the plant taken for tissue culture is known as what?

Explant is the portion taken from a plant that will be used to initiate a culture. It can be a portion of the shoot or of the leaves or any other parts of the plant.

Describe the concept of Single cell protein.

Single-cell protein (SCP) refers to protein derived from cells of microorganisms such as yeast, fungi, algae, and bacteria, which are grown on various carbon sources for synthesis.

Why is inbreeding necessary in animal husbandry?

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, selective breeding and the raising of livestock. Modern animal husbandry relies on production systems adapted to the type of land available.

Which are the different types of food requirement of dairy animals

Two types of food requirements of dairy animals are:

maintenance requirement food to carry out day to day activities

and second is milk requirement food, required during lactation.

How can you obtain fertilised and unfertilised chicken eggs?

Usually, chickens lay eggs in the presence or absence of a rooster (cock).
Therefore, those chickens which lay eggs after mating with the rooster (cock), produce fertilised eggs which will be hatched by the chicken and produce chicks.
Hence the opposite is true, those chickens that lay eggs without a rooster produce unfertilized eggs.

Mention the property of plant cells that has helped in growing crops by tissue culture.

This property is called Totipotency, which is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues. This property is utilized for tissue culture techniques like micropropagation, embryo culture/rescue, etc.

Write a brief account of apiculture.

The keeping (involving care and management) of bees for obtaining commercially important substances such as beeswax, honey, etc. Honey is obtained from nectar (a sugary secretion of the flowers of plants) and is one of the most nutritional food items. Bees while obtaining nectar from flowers also help carry out pollination of the flowers and act as good pollinating agents. They thereby help the owners of orchards and farmers. Apis sp. are most commonly maintained in apiaries.

Define plant breeding?

Plant breeding is a technique of modifying plant genetic patterns to boost its importance and usefulness for human well-being. It is a purposeful plant manipulation to produce required plant kinds that are more suitable for cultivation, yield better, and resistant to disease. In simple language you can define Plant breeding as, the method by which people over time alter plant features to create them better crops and more nourishing food.Plant breeding increases the harvest yield, by improving the crop quality and increasing tolerance to circumstances such as salinity, extreme temperatures and drought. The plant also develops pathogen resistance and insect pest tolerance.

Briefly discuss
(a) Biofortifications
(b) Role of microbes in household food processing.

(a) Biofortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be done either through conventional selective breeding or through genetic engineering. Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.

(b) Some of the microorganisms like bacteria and fungi play a variety of roles in the formation of household food.

For example, Lactobacillus, the bacteria involved in the formation of curd from the milk and yogurt is produced by the bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a type of yeast used for making bread in the household as well as the food processing industry.
Microorganisms are also used to prepare some traditional drinks like Toddy.
In addition to these, most common food like dosa and idly are prepared from fermented rice by some bacteria.

Differentiate between ''Apiculture'' and ''Aquaculture''.

Apiculture	Aquaculture
Beekeeping is the maintenance of the honey bee colonies, commonly in man-made hives, by humans.	Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, molluscs, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms.
An apiarist (Beekeeper) keeps bees in order to collect honey and other products including bee wax	Aquaculture is an environmentally responsible source of food and commercial products, helps to create healthier habitats, and is used to rebuild stocks of threatened or endangered species.

Define Totipotency.

The capacity or potential of a plant cell to regenerate the whole plant of which it is a part is called totipotency. Due to this property, the whole plant can be regenerated through tissue culture techniques.

What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?

Pasturage is the vegetation or plant that is present in the area where animal grazing is practiced.
The flowers are the deciding factor for the quality and quantity of the honey produced by them.
The honeybee will collect the nectar with the help of their tube-like tongue.
Then it will stay in honey where it is mixed with the enzymes and proteins of bees to convert into honey.

What are the requirements of dairy management? Give one example of each Indian and exotic breed of cow.

Requirements of dairy management -

1) The selection of good breeds having high yielding potential under the climatic condition of the combined with the resistance to diseases is the basic requirement.

2) Cattles have to be well looked after - quality and quantity of folder in proper ratio should be given.

3) Cleanliness & hygiene of the cattle and handles are of utmost importance while milking, storage and transport of milk & milk products

4) The shed must be cleaned and spacious with adequate facilities for feeding, watering, and light.

5) Identification of health problems, diseases, and rectification by veterinary doctors is mandatory

6) Milk processing, marketing, and distribution play a vital role in the dairy industry.

Examples of Indian and exotic breed -

Indian breed of cow- Sahiwal

Exotic breed of cow - Jersy

What do you know about breeding in poultry farming?

Poultry breeding is done for a wide range of purposes. It can be divided into three main areas, namely:

Commercial breeding
- Egg production
- Meat production
Village breeding
- Eggs and meat on small scale
Fancy breeding
- Non commercial production of small poultry breeds

Bee keeping practice is a income generating industry. Write the different points to be kept in mind for successful bee keeping. Write the scientific name of the most common Indian species used for the purpose.

Different points to be kept in mind for successful beekeeping –

Catching and hiving of the group of bees
Selecting a suitable location for keeping beehives.
Awareness about the habits and nature of bees.
Management of beehives during different seasons.

$$Apis\,indica$$ is the scientific name of the most common Indian species used for the purpose.

What is Biofortification ? Explain selective breeding with suitable example.

Biofortification is a process of improving the nutritional quality of food. It can be done by breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fat content.

Selective breeding involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics.

Selective breeding is done for the following objectives:

A) Increase crop plants with better yields.

B) To make ornamental plants with particular flower shapes and colors.

C) Increase tolerance to environmental conditions like salinity. extreme temperatures and drought.

D) Develop resistance to pathogens.

E) Increase tolerance to insects and pests.

Example: Selective breeding for disease resistance. The basic objective of breeding for disease resistance is to develop inherent quality in the plant to prevent the pathogen from causing the disease. Such varieties of plants are called resistant plants. The basic method is the same as normal hybridization. For hybridization resistant plants should be available for breeding. Some diseases resistant plants developed are given in the table above.

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Write the number of chromosomes body cells of honey bee workers and drone have.

The chromosome numbers of bee are different. There are 32 chromosomes in a female honey bee which are Queen or workers bee. Out of 32 chromosomes in a female honey bee, 16 chromosomes are from the queen’s egg and 16 chromosomes are from the sperm of the drones.

Drones are male honey bees. In a drone, there are 16 chromosomes only as they hatch from the unfertilized queen bee’s egg. So in drones, there is only one chromosome set.

Explain why bee-hives are setup on the farms for some of our crop-species. Name any two such crop species.

Keeping beehives in crop fields increases pollination efficiency and crop yield too. Bees collect nectar from the flowers of crop plants to make honey and thus honey yield can also be increased. Thus, bees and other pollinators make important contributions to agriculture. Pollinators affect 35 percent of global agricultural land, supporting the production of 87 of the leading food crops worldwide.

Such crops are orange, almonds, blueberries, etc.

In animals breeding. Write the two difference between outbreeding and hybridization.

Outbreeding
$$\bullet$$ It is conventional method.
$$\bullet$$ Superior male from a breed is crossed with the superior female of another breed.
Hybridization-
$$\bullet$$ It is a technological and hybridized method.
$$\bullet$$ Male and female breeds of two different species are crossed together.

Differentiate between the following.
Bee keeping and Poultry farming

Bee keeping is the practice of rearing honey bees for obtaining honey while poultry farming is the practice of raising the domestic fowl for egg and meat production.

Differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture.

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List any three important steps to be kept in mind for successful bee keeping.

Bee-Keeping is the rearing and management of honey bees for obtaining honey and beeswax.

Five points which are important for successful bee-keeping are as followed

a) Knowledge of nature and habit of bees.

b) Selection of suitable location for keeping the beehives.

c) Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees).

d) management of beehives during different seasons.

e) Handling and collection of honey and beeswax.

Explain plant breeding.

Plant breeding is the process in which two plants of two different varieties, species and genera with desired traits are crossed to get those desired traits in a particular plant species. This process of plant breeding is also referred to as hybridization as the new plant formed is a hybrid of the two different plants having desired characteristics into it.
This crossing is called intervarietal when it is in two different varieties, interspecific when it is in two different species and intergeneric when it is in between two different genera.
The desired characteristics that are seen before breeding are resistance towards diseases, high yield, good absorption of fertilizers, quality of the product etc.

Can gamma rays used for crop improvement programmes prove to be harmful for health? Discuss.

This method has been used for producing moong variety which is resistant to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew. This is good evidence that the use of Gamma rays for crop improvement is not harmful to health.

Give reasons.
Fodder is soaked in water before offering to cattle.

Fodder is soaked in water before offering it to cattle because it may contain seeds that have been left behind after harvesting. Soaking this fodder helps in the sprouting of these seeds/grains and thus increases the nutritional value of the fodder.

A person who is allergic to pulses was advised to take a capsule of $$Spirulina$$ daily. Give the reasons for the advice.

$$Spirulina$$ is a good source of protein that contains all essential amino acids. The protein content of $$Spirulina$$ is much higher than the pulses. Hence, it can be a better source of protein; especially for those who are allergic to pulses.

You are planning to set up a Dairy Farm. Describe the various aspects you would consider before you start the venture.

Following aspects need to be considered before starting the venture:

(i) Selection of Good Breed: The breed should be able to give a high yield of milk. It should be resistant to various diseases.

(ii) Construction of cattle shed: Cattle shed should be properly ventilated and should get plenty of natural light. The slope of the floor should allow for quick drainage of water.

(iii) Availability of fodder: Fodder should contain bulk as well as necessary nutrients.

(iv) Availability of veterinary doctor: A veterinary doctor should be available nearby so that proper medical care for cattle can be ensured in times of need.

Why are proteins synthesised from $$Spirulina$$ called single cell proteins?

$$Spirulina$$ is a unicellular organism. Hence, a protein synthesized by itis called single-cell protein.

A few statements are given below followed by a set of terms in a box. Pick the correct term and write it against the appropriate statement:
(a) Mating of closely related individuals within the same breed
(b) Mating of animals of same breed but having no common ancestors on either side for 4-6 generations
(c) Mating of animals of two different species
(d) Breeding of animals belonging to different breeds
(i) Cross breeding
(ii) Inter-specific hybridization
(iii) Out crossing
(iv) Inbreeding

a) Mating of closely related individuals within the same breed - v) inbreeding

b) Mating of animals of same breed but having no common ancestors on either side for 4-6 generations - iv) outcrossing

c) Mating of animals of two different species - ii) interspecific hybridization

d) Breeding of animals belonging to different breeds - i) cross breeding

Out crossing and outbreeding are synonymous.

Fill in the blank and complete the statement.

Government of India has encouraged the _____ for improving the productivity by launching NKM-16.

Government of India has encouraged the people for pisciculture for improving the productivity by launching NKM-16.

Identify and complete the following correlation.

White revolution : Dairy :: Blue revolution : _____.

White revolution : Dairy :: Blue revolution : Aquatic organisms.

Write a note on - Application of hormones in Agriculture.

Application of hormones in Agriculture:
1. Auxin helps in the rooting of cuttings and check abscission. It promotes the growth of the root, at very low concentration and shoots at higher concentration.
2. It helps in the production of parthenocarpic fruits. It is observed that after pollination, the auxin content of ovary which forms the fruit is sharply increased.
3. An application of auxin causes the formation of seedless or parthenocarpic fruit like grape, papaya, banana, orange, and tomato.
4. Gibberellin helps in breaking dormancy of seeds, buds, and tubers. It also helps in seed germination, e.g., lettuce, cereals, etc.
5. In cold storage, Nepthalin. Acetic Acid is sprayed on potato tubers to prevent the sprouting of buds.
6. To produce resistance for low temperature, to grow more crop, to ripen more fruits, to check sterility, and to store seed. Plant hormones are used.

What is aquaculture? Give example of an animal that can be multiplied by aquaculture.

Framing of aquatic animals and plants is called aquaculture. Pisciculture is a part of aquaculture. Prawn can be multiplied by aquaculture.

Give the names of two Research centres in India working in pisciculture.

Two Research centres in India working in pisciculture are;
Central Inland Fisheries Research Centre.
Central Marine Fisheries Research Centre.

For the increase in production:
1........
2....... are used

For the increase in crop production

1. Chemical fertilizer
2. Pesticides are used.

Discuss how the property of plant cell totipotency has been utilised for plant propagation and improvement.

During the 1950s, scientists could learn that a whole plant can be generated from an explant. Any part of a plant grown in a test tube under sterile conditions by using a special nutrient medium is called explant. The ability of a cell to produce a whole organism is called totipotency. By using this property, it is possible to produce a large number of plants in a short duration. The nutrient medium for this purpose must contain a source of carbon; like sucrose. It should also contain inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, and plant hormones.

Plants grown through this method are clones of the parent plant. They are often called some clones. Many desirable characters can be introduced in the progeny by using this method and a combination of genetic engineering. Healthy plants can be grown from a diseased plant by using this method. Virus-free plants can be easily produced by using this method. This method has been employed to produce plants of banana, sugarcane, potato, etc.

The culture medium (nutrient medium) can be referred to as a highly enriched laboratory soil. Justify the statement.

Soil is the reservoir of water and plant nutrients. Similarly, the culture medium is the reservoir of water and plant nutrients for plants being grown on culture medium. Soil may have a higher or lower nutrient content and many nutrients may be missing. But in the culture medium, all the essential nutrients are supplied as per need. Hence, the culture medium is richer in terms of nutrients for plants. Due to these reasons, the culture medium can be called as a highly-enriched laboratory soil.

Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation.

Apiculture indeed offers multiple advantages to farmers. Following are the advantages

of having an apiary near a place of commercial flower cultivation:

(a) Bees will get plenty of flowers as a source of nectar. This will help them in preparing larger quantity of honey. Beeswax production will also increase significantly.

(b) Bees are important pollinators. They will help in improving flower production. This will help the horticulturist to increase his income by selling flowers.

(d) The essential oil from many flowers is used in many medicinal products. So, a better flower cultivation will support this activity as well.

A farmer was facing the problem of low yield from his farm. He was advised to keep a beehive in the vicinity. Why? How would the beehive help in enhancing yield of the crop?

It appears that low yield from the farm was because of the absence of sufficient pollinators. We know pollination is important for seed production in many crops. Insects are important agents of pollination and bees pollinate many plant species. Keeping a beehive near the farm will help in proper pollination of the crop during the flowering stage. This will eventually help in improving the farm yield. Moreover, it will also augment the farmer’s income by selling honey and beeswax.

(a) The shift from grain to meat diets creates more demands for cereals. Why?
(b) A 250-kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day but 250 g of $$Methylophilus$$ $$methylotrophus$$ can produce 25 tonnes of protein, Name this emerging area of research. Explain its benefits.

(a) We know that the 90% of the biomass consumed by an organism at a particular trophic level is utilized for its own need and just 10% is available for the organism at the next trophic level. So, to produce 1 kg of meat once needs to spend 3 to 10 kg of grains on the cattle. This shows that a shift from grain to meat diets creates more demand for cereals.
(b) This emerging area of research is called single cell proteins (SCP). Single cell protein is formed during the decomposition of organic materials by bacteria, fungi, and algae. Single cell protein provides very high protein content. Following are the benefits of this process:

A higher protein yield per unit of biomass.
Better utilization of solar energy per unit area.
This is an environment-friendly process.
The land requirement is low.
Production is independent of seasonal or climatic variations.
This may help in tackling the problem of food security.

Give few examples of biofortified crops. What benefits do they offer to the society?

Biofortification is defined as the breeding of crops containing high amounts of nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, etc.
Some of the biofortified crops are:

Iron fortified Rice variety

High protein content wheat variety, Atlas 66

Lysine and tryptophan enriched Maize hybrids

Vitamin A enriched Carrots, spinach, Pumpkin

Vitamin C enriched Bitter gourd, Mustard, Tomato etc.

Benefits-

It can help in meeting the dietary nutritional requirements.
As most of the people in India are suffering from hidden hunger i.e they are not getting sufficient food or getting food but it lacks nutrients.
It may increase the risk of disease, reduce lifespan and reduce mental abilities.
Thus by providing biofortified food to people can improve public health.

Describe the method of micropropagation and its significance.

The regeneration of plants through tissue culture technique is called micropropagation. In this technique, plantlets are developed through differentiation in the callus and these plantlets are transferred to nature after hardening and acclimatization.
This technique has been adopted to regenerate commercially important plants such as many species of orchids (Cattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Vanda) and many ornamental plants such as "Gerbera" Carnation, Bignonia, Chrysanthemum, etc. Many institutions and universities are engaged in a multiplication of important forestry and horticultural plants by micropropagation.

Explain in brief the social organization in honey bees.

The social organisation of Honey bee:
A colony of honey bee shows a high-grade social organisation and division of labour.

A colony of honey bees consists of three kinds of individuals or Castes -
1. Queen:

In the whole colony, there is only one adult queen of large size.
The queen arises from a fertilized egg and when larva is especially fed on royal jelly.
It is only fertile female in the beehive, having developed ovaries.
The function of a queen is only of reproduction i.e. it lays eggs.

2. Drones:
Drones developed from Unfertilized eggs i.e., parthenogenetically. The function of drones is only to mate with the queen and fertilize the eggs.

The worker bees are sterile diploid females. They are also called as housekeeping bees. that take care of the hive, feed the queen and the developing larvae.

Asha got a plant that was affected by a viral disease. Her objective is to raise a disease-free plant from this infected plant through tissue culture. Which part of the plant should be selected as the explant?

The explant should be selected as the apical tip or the bud. This region is composed of the meristematic tissues. These cells are in a rapid deciding phase and hence they are not infected by any bacterial or viral agent. These tissues help in the development of disease-free plants.

In the area of plant breeding, it is important not only to preserve the seeds of the variety which is cultivated but also to preserve all its wild relatives. Explain with a suitable example.

The wild varieties of cultivated plants though have a low yield but are resistant to many diseases and pests. Such genes from these wild varieties can be introduced into the high yielding plants, Therefore it is important to preserve the wild relatives of the cultivated plant.

250 g of micro-organism due to its high rate of biomass production can be expected to produce 25 tonnes of protein.
Write the scientific name of this organism.
How can it decide the future of mankind in space?

(a) $$Methylophilus$$ $$methylotrophus$$

(b) Less load of food on the space ship, production of food as and when required outside the dimensions of the biosphere

Visit a near by milk chilling centre. Observe the process and make a report on it.

Explanation:

The milk chilling process is the process where the milk temperature is reduced to less than ten degrees Celsius.

Milk is chilled by ice to a temperature of 4 Degree celsius or below. It is intermediate processing before heat treatment of milk.

Milk chilling provides ease and ample time for transshipment to a processing plant.

Chilling of milk minimizes the souring and spoilage.

This process is done to protect the milk, since it is transported to longer distance and have chances of getting spoiled.

The methods of milk chilling are: Can immersion. In can cooling .surface cooler etc.

As the population is continuously increasing and land for agriculture is decreasing, how we can overcome the food scarcity problem. Suggest two measures.

Answers may vary. The suggested answer is-

The two measures which can be used to overcome the food security problem are-

Consumption of Seafood and advancement in fisheries
Use of DNA modulation technique for better prospects in agriculture.

Which precautions are required in Apiculture?

Following precautions are necessary for honey bee culture or Apiculture:

Plants of fruits and flowers should be within one kilometre only from the hives.
Artificial beehives should be kept in cool & shady area.
Source of freshwater must be in the nearest vicinity.

An Italian bee variety A. mellifera has been introduced in India for honey production. Write about its merits over other varieties.

Explanation of the answer.

1. The colonial strength of Apis mellifera is comparatively larger than others i.e., 30,000-60,000.

2. It holds the capacity to make a huge amount of honey.

3. It can be domesticated easily.

4. It is stingless, hence easy to handle.

5. It breeds at a faster rate.

6. It has less tendency for swarming, hence stays in the given beehive for long periods and breeds very well.

Explain the importance of selection inbreeding in cattle.

Importance of ‘selection’ during inbreeding of cattle is as follows:

(1) By selection at every step, productivity of inbreed population is increased.

(2) It helps in the accumulation of desired superior genes, so as to obtain more milk per lactation.

(3) It helps in eliminating the less desirable genes from cattle population.

(4) It helps to eliminate the harmful recessive genes.

Why do farmers use bee-keeping as an additional income generating activity ?

Farmers use bee-keeping as an additional income generating activity, because :
(i) It requires low investment and provides additional income to the farmer.
(ii) Besides honey, bee-keeping provides other product such as wax, royal jelly and bee venom.
(iii) Cross pollination is easy in bees.

There are four varieties of poultry birds: Aseel, White Leghorn, Busra and Rhode Island Red.

a) Which are indigenous and which are exotic ?
b) What would be the advantage of crossing indigenous species with exotic ones ?

a) Indigenous varieties are Aseel and Busra.

Exotic varieties are White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red.

b) By crossing indigenous and exotic breeds, improved quality of commercial egg-laying and more flesh-producing birds can be produced.

Differentiate between Inland fishery and marine fishery

Inland fishery is the rearing of fish in fresh water and brackish water whereas marine fishery is the rearing of fish in sea water.

What is budding? Give two example of budding.

The process of developing a new individual from buds, is called budding. The examples are hydra and yeast.

Why are micro consumers called reducers?

Microconsumers or decomposers are also called reducers because they degrade organic remains.

What is pasturage and how it is related to honey production?

Pasturage is flora or crop available to honey bees for collection of nectar and pollen. Pollen is food for honey bees. Nectar is transformed into honey. The amount and quality of honey depend upon type and extent of pasturage.

Differentiate between semi-intensive and intensive methods of poultry farming.

In semi-intensive method, the birds are kept in an open yard surrounded by wire nets in the daytime and are confined to a house during the night. In intensive method, the birds are kept confined throughout the day and night.

Which group - Pisces or Amphibia is advanced? Give two reasons.

The group - Amphibia is advanced than Pisces because : (i) The amphibians have three - chambered heart whereas fishes have two - chambered heart, (ii) Amphibians respire through lungs while fishes have gills for respiration.

Differentiate between culture fishery and capture fishery.

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.......... is a more preferred bee as it produces more honey per hive per year

Apis mellifera is more preferred bee as it produce more honey per hive per year. They also breed very well, in the hive for a long duration and sting less.

The exotic variety of honey bee grown in India is

The exotic variety of honey bee grown in India is Apis cerena inidica. Apis cerana indica, the Indian honeybee or Eastern honeybee, is a subspecies of the honey bee. It is one of the predominant bees found and domesticated in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Thailand and mainland Asia.

The exotic variety of honey bee grown in Europe is

The exotic variety of honey bee grown in Europe is Apis mellifera.

The western honey bee or European honey bee is a species of honey bee. They produce honey 8-10 Kg per colony per year.

The exotic variety of honey bee grown in Africa is

The exotic variety of honey bee grown in Europe is Apis adamsoni. They are of medium size. They produce about 4.5kg honey yearly from a medium sized hive.

With advancements in genetics, molecular biology and tissue culture, new traits have been incorporated into crop plants. Explain the main steps in breeding a new genetic variety of a crop.

Hybridization is the most common method of creating genetic variation. Hybridization is crossing of two or more types of plants for bringing their traits together in the progeny. It brings about useful genetic / heritable variations of two or more lines together.

The procedure of hybridization involves the following steps.

Selection of parents with desired characters: All the desirable traits which are required in the new crop variety are first selected.
Selfing: The selected plants as parents are allowed to undergo self-breeding to bring about homozygotes of the desired traits.
Emasculation: The removal of anthers (male parts) from a bisexual flower, before the anthers mature (emasculation) prevents self-pollination in these flowers.
Bagging: The emasculated flowers are immediately covered by paper, plastic or polyethene bags (bagging) to prevent unwanted pollen from coming in contact with emasculated flowers.
Artificial Pollination (Crossing): Pollen grains are collected from the covered flowers of the ‘male’ parents. When the stigma of the emasculated flower of ‘female’ parent matures, it is dusted with pollen grains. This is called artificial pollination.
Selection and testing of superior recombinants: This step comprises selecting, among the progeny of the hybrids, those plants that have the desired character combination.

(a) State the objective of animal breeding.
(b) List the importance and limitations of inbreeding. How can the limitations be overcome?
(c) Given an example of a new breed each of cattle and poultry.

a) The objective of animal breeding are as follows:

To increase animal yield
To improve the desirable quality of animal produce
To produce disease-resistant varieties of animals

b) Importance of animal breeding are as follows:

Help in accumulation of superior genes
Elimination of less desirable genes

Limitation of animal breeding are as follows:

Reduces fertility and productivity

Limitations can be overcome by out breeding / cross breeding / out cross / interspecific hybridization / selected animals is to be bred with unrelated superior animals of the same breed.

c) An example of a new breed of cattle is Hisardale and that of poultry is Hampshire.

If your family owned a dairy farm, what measures would you undertake to improve the quality and quantity of milk production?

To improve the quality and quantity of the milk production the first step to be taken is selecting a good and healthy cattle. Hybrid cattle should be preferred to wild ones as they have genes responsible for of high yields of milk. They are also disease resistant. In order to make sure the cattle are healthy the surrounding environment should also be kept clean and tidy and ensuring that the animals are properly fed will also improve the quality and quantity of milk.

Write the name of any one disease in crops caused by fungi.

Wilt disease is found in many plants due to fungal agent Fusarium. Wilting is commonly found in tomato, gram, banana and cotton due to species of Fusarium. These are the broad leaf plants. There is stunting of the plants observed. The leaves show chlorosis and then results in wilting and death. there is damage to the vascular tissues in the roots which decay and result in the death of the plant.

Write down the objectives of plant breeding. Mention the main steps in breeding any new genetic crop.

The objective of plant breeding is to improve the characteristics of plants that are economically desired.

Steps in breeding a new genetic variety of crops:

(i) A collection of variability

(ii) Evaluation and collection of parents.

(iii) Cross hybridisation of selected plants.

(iv) Section and testing of a superior variety.

(v) Testing, release and commercialization of new improved variety.

Write any five aims of plant breeding.

The aim of plant breeding includes the following areas-

It helps to produce a better variety as it causes genetic variation.
It helps to obtain genes from desirable plants or related species.
It helps in the cultivation of resistant plants and increases the tolerance of environmental pressure.
It helps in specific gene modification.
It helps to provide a better yield.

You are a Botanist, working in the area of plant breeding. Describe the various steps that you will undertake to release a new variety.

When the botanist is working in the field of breeding plants and developing a new variety, there are certain steps which are followed. The new plant variety can be developed by using different techniques. Some of the common techniques are described as follows:

(1) Protoplast fusion: The method is also known as somatic hybridisation. The protoplasts of the cells of two different plants are used. the protoplast is fused using different chemicals like PEG. This results in the formation of a cell with both the characters. The cell can be cultured to develop the plant.

(2) Emasculation and bagging: The plants which are selected are used for the process of cross pollination. This is part of the hybridisation technique. The anthers are removed from the bisexual flower which is known as emasculation to prevent self pollination. The flowers are bagged to prevent pollination from any other sources. The flower is dusted with pollens of the selected male plant and cross pollination is achieved. This results in the development of a variety with the characters of plants which are genetically different.

(3) Hybidisation: Different techniques like grafting can be used to develop a new variety. The two plants of desirable characters are selected and used for grafting. This results in development of plant with new set of characters.

Briefly explain the following terms :
Hatcheries

A hatchery is a facility where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions, especially those of fish or poultry. It may be used for ex-situ conservation purposes, i.e., to breed rare or endangered species under controlled conditions.

Fill in the blanks :
Cattle feed made from cereals and wheat is called ________

Cattle feed made from cereals and wheat is called concentrates. The primary role of concentrate feeds is to provide concentrated sources of necessary nutrients for livestock production.

Fill in the blanks :
Rust of wheat is caused by a ________.

Wheat rust is a fungal disease that affects wheat, barley and rye stems, leaves and grains. Infections can lead up to 20% yield loss. The pathogen is Puccinia rust fungus. Puccinia triticina causes "black rust", P. recondita causes "brown rust" and P. striiformis causes "yellow rust".

Describe the tissue culture technique in plants.

Plant tissue culture is a technique used to maintain and grow plant cells, tissues or organs under controlled environmental conditions on an artificial nutrient culture medium of the known composition. The part which is cultured is called explant, i.e., any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in special nutrient media. This capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant is called totipotency. The steps used in tissue culture are:

(a) Explant culture- A cell, tissue or a piece of plant organ is extracted from the plant as an explant. It is sterilized and placed in a nutrient medium. The cells absorb nutrients and start multiplying.

(b) Callus formation and culture- An unorganized mass of cells produced by the growth of explant is called callus. The cells of callus are identical as they are produced by the process of mitosis.

(c) Organogenesis- The growth hormones like auxins and cytokinins in proper amounts are added to the callus to induce organ formation. Depending on the level of auxins and cytokinins, the root and shoot system begins to develop.

(d) Cell formation/ Suspension culture- The callus is transferred to a liquid medium and is agitated for the formation of cell or suspension culture. It is agitated at 100-250 rpm constantly. The callus and suspension culture result in cell biomass production which can be utilized for the regeneration of new plants.

Fill in the blanks :
Rust and smuts are ______ diseases.

Rusts and smuts are fungi belonging to the orders Uredinales (rusts) and Ustilaginales (smuts) which are basidiomycete fungi. These fungi are obligate plant pathogens that only infect living plants. Hence, rust and smuts are fungal diseases.

Write short notes on, (i) Embryo rescue, (ii) lnbreds through another culture, (iii) Somatic hybrids, (iv) Protoplast fusion., (v) Culture media, (vi) Haploids (Androgenic plants), (vii) Mass selection, (viii) Hybrid vigour, (ix) Hybridization, (x) Somaclonal variation, (xi) Biofortification.

(i) Embryo rescue: Embryo rescue is one of the successful forms of in-vitro culture techniques that is used to recover dormant embryos, immature embryos into a new plant. This technique plays an important role in fruit crops, early-maturing seeds, triploid plants as well as obtaining distant hybrids preventing embryo degeneration at early development stages and shortening breed cycle.

(ii) Inbreds through anther culture: Plants with inbreeding depression are called Inbreds. They are not fit to produce seeds. By means of anther culture, these plants made into fertilie plants.

(iii) Somatic hybrids: Plants obtained through somatic hybridization are called somatic hybrids. Its major contribution to plant breeding is in overcoming common crossing barriers among plant species and in organelle genetics and breeding.

(iv) Protoplast fusion: Protoplast fusion is a physical phenomenon. During fusion, two or more protoplasts come in contact and adhere with one another either spontaneously or in presence of fusion inducing chemicals.

(v) Culture media: A solid, liquid or semi-solid substratum provide to support the growth of microorganisms and also supply nutrients to the microbes is called Culture medium or Nutrient medium. The most commonly used culture medium is MS medium. Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells.

(vi) Haploids (Androgenic plants): Plants obtained by pollen culture are called Haploid plants or androgenic plants. These plants contain single set of chromosomes. These are used to identify the lethal mutations, produce homozygous plants, etc.

(vii) Mass selection: Mass selection is the simplest method used in which larger number of cross pollinated plants based on phenotype. Selection of seeds of these plants are harvested and mixed to result in a new form or a new variety.

(viii) Hybrid vigour: Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding enhancement, is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring is heterotic if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents.

(ix) Hybridization: Hybridization is the process of interbreeding between individuals of different species (interspecific hybridization) or genetically divergent individuals from the same species (intraspecific hybridization). Offspring produced by hybridization may be fertile, partially fertile, or sterile.

(x) Somaclonal variation: Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation.

(xi) Biofortification: Biofortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. This can be done either through conventional selective breeding, or through genetic engineering.

Differentiate between.
Intravarietal and intervarietal hybridization

In intravarietal hybridization, crosses are made between plants of the same variety. Whereas in intervarietal hybridization, crosses are made between plants of two different varieties of the same species.

Write short notes on
(a) Embryo transplant
(b) Apiculture
(c) Artificial insemination
(d) Exotic Breeds

(a) Embryo transplant - refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. This technique may be used in humans or in animals. Embryo transfer can be done at day two or three or later in the blastocyst stage which was performed in 1984

(b) Apiculture - apiculture is the rearing of honeybees by in different parts of the world to obtain bee's wax and honey on a commercial scale.

(c) Artificial insemination - it is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse.

(d) Exotic breeds - These are breeds of animals that are not indigenous to a particular place but are reared for their products (meat, milk, chicken, eggs etc) that are of a superior quality,

Example-Jersey breed of cow

Match the terms given in column I with their descriptions given in column II and select the correct option from the codes given below.

Out-crossing - mating of animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of pedigree upto 4-6 generations. The offspring of such mating is known as out-cross .
Interspecific hybridisation - male and female animals of two different species are mated. Example; mule.
Cross-breeding - superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Example; Hisardale
Inbreeding - mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.

So, the correct option is ' A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1' .

Match column I (crop) with column II (corresponding insect pest resistant variety) and select the correct option from the given codes.

List I	List II
A. Flat bean	2. Pusa Sem 2
B. Okra (Bhindi)	3. Pusa Sawani
C. Brassica	1. Pusa Gaurav

So, the correct answer is A-2, B-3, C-1.

Match column I (crop) with column II (corresponding disease resistant variety) and select the correct option from the given codes.

List I List II

A Cowpea 2. Pusa Komal

B Wheat 1. Himgiri

C Chilli 3. Pusa Sadabahar

D Brassica 4. Pusa Swarnim

So, the correct answer is A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4.

What are intervarietal and interspecific hybridisations?

Intervarietal hybridisation is a cross between the two varieties of the same species whereas interspecific hybridisation is a cross between the different species of the same genus.

'Large scale cultivation of Spirunlia is highly advantageous for human population". Explain giving two reasons.

The advantages of spirulina are

1. It can be used as a food source as it is rich in protein.

2. It can also be grown in sewage which reduces stress in the environment.

Name two desirable traits for variety improvement of poultry farming.

$$\textbf{Solution}$$

Poultry farming is a type of farming which involves the rearing of poultry birds which are domesticated birds that can be raised commercially for meat, eggs and feathers.

Desirable traits for variety improvement of poultry farming includes:

$$\bullet$$ The bird should have the capacity to frequently lay eggs.

$$\bullet$$ They should also have thick fatty muscles fulfill better meat requirement.

$$\bullet$$ They should be temperature tolerant as well as disease resistant in order to survive in all the given climatic conditions.

Enumerate in sequential order, the 4-steps that a plant breeder should follow to obtain a disease-resistant crop.

The four steps to obtain a disease-resistant crop are as followed:

a) Selection and screening of germplasm for the disease resistance- Germplasm is the sum total of all the alleles of the genes present in a crop and its related species. The diseases resistant germplasm are selected.

(b) Hybridisation of selected parent plant- The selected parents are hybridized to produce the desired variety.

(c) Selection and evaluation of hybrids- This step comprises selecting, among the progeny of the hybrids, those plants that have the desired character combination. The selection process yields plants that are superior to both of the parents.

(d) Testing and release of new varieties into the market- The newly selected lines are evaluated for their yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance by growing in research fields.

Explain the term Totipotency.

Totipotency is the genetic potential of a cell to produce the entire organism. These are the cell which is seen in the stem cells of the zygote, where a single zygote converts into an entire adult organism. The totipotent cell does not undergo cellular differentiation that is they did not take up specialised capacity so that they have the capacity to divide infinitely.

White revolution:dairy:: blue revolution:______

White revolution: Dairy:: Blue revolution: Fishery (Aquaculture).

What makes you amazing in division of work in Honey bee colony. Support your answer

Honey bees are the social insects as they do lots of labour and live in colonies. Each colony has one queen and 20,000 - 50, 000 female worker bees are present, Worker bees perform all the task relating to the colony like constructing hive and storage of honey during the colder regions. Each female worker bee lays unfertilized egg There are hundreds of male drones are present in the colony, which are ejected during the lean seasons. Drone fertilize the queen outside the hive. Each drone dies after fertilization and then queen mate with new drone and this process continues again and again.

Differentiate between outbreeding and outcrossing

Outbreeding	Outcrossing
1. Breeding of the unrelated animals which may be between individuals of the same breed but no common ancestors, or between different breeds or different species.	1. It involves mating between unrelated members of the same breed which have no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree upto 4-6 generations.

To reduce the percentage of population suffering from hunger and malnutrition, microbes are grown on a large scale to act as food supplements. Mention any two microbes used as food supplements and suggest their role.

Following are examples of two microbes that can be grown on a large scale to act as a food supplement.

1) Spirulina:

Spirulina is a microorganism which can be grown easily on material like waste water from potato processing plants (containing starch), straws, molasses, animal manure and even sewage, to produce large quantities and can serve as a food rich in Proteins, Minerals, Fats, Carbohydrates and minerals.

2) Methylophilus methylotrophs:

It is calculated that a 250Kg cow can produce 200gm of protein per day, In the same time 250GM of methylophilus, Because of its high rate of biomass production and growth, can be expected to produce 25 Tones of Protein.

Give microbial source of the following products in industrial production :
(i) Vitamin $$B_{12}$$
(ii) Chloromycetin
(iii) Pectinase

Microbial Sources for the following industrial products.

(i) Vitamin $$B_{12}$$ - E. coli

(ii) Chloromycetin - Streptomyces venezualae

(iii) Pectinase - Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi.

Write the desirable traits for the development of poultry farming?

DESIRABLE TRAITS OF POULTRY FARMING:

1) Adapting to all climatic conditions.

2) Low maintenance requirement.

3) Number and quality of chicks.

4) Using cheaper diet.

Give any two factors responsible for genetic variations. Define explant.

The two factors responsible for genetic variations are

i) Mutations

ii)Crossing over and recombination.

EXPLANT: An explant is a part of plant that is excised from an original location and used for initiating a culture. It may be root tip, shoot bud, anther, embryo, ovule etc,. Normally undetermined cells of plant are used as explant.

Complete the correlations.
White revolution : Dairy :: Blue revolution : ______________

Blue revolution refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as an important and highly productive agricultural activity. Aquaculture refers to all forms of active culturing of aquatic animals and plants, occurring in marine, brackish, or fresh waters.

So, the correct answer is 'Aquaculture/Fishery'.

A farmer in order to continue and enhance the benefits used to cross the siblings of the domesticated cattle from his shed. He did this for the past few generations. He was surprised to notice that the breed which used to give him a good amount of milk has reduced its productivity. What phenomenon can be observed in this case? Was the farmer going wrong somewhere or there was some other reason for reduced profits?

The phenomenon which can be observed in this case is Inbreeding depression. Due to continued inbreeding, there is an accumulation of homozygotes which has caused inbreeding depression. Continued inbreeding reduces fertility and even productivity, therefore the farmer has reduced profits.

It is estimated that more than 70% of the world livestock population is in India and China. Yet they contribute only 25% of the world/ worlds - world's farm produces. What does this indicate? How can we improve it?

In India and China, the per-unit productivity is very low. So in addition to the conventional practice of animal breeding & care which are usually prevalent in these countries, new technologies also have to be applied to increase productivity and profit.

Define the term tissue and explain the concept of tissue culture.

Answer:

Tissue culture, a method of biological research in which fragments of tissue from an animal or plant are transferred to an artificial environment in which they can continue to survive and function.

The cultured tissue may consist of a single cell, a population of cells, or a whole or part of an organ.

Basic concepts of plant tissue culture are totipotency, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Basic concepts of plant tissue culture are totipotency, differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation.

Read the clues and fill up the blanks given below each of
them.

Honeybees suck from the flower.
N _ _ T _ R

1986897_1786917_ans_6de17e7b893a422da7c0b80e2410d050.jpg

(a) Mutations are beneficial for plant breeding. Taking an example, justify the statement.
(b) Discuss briefly the technology that made us self-sufficient in food production.

(a) Changes which can be induced by changing the base sequence in gene are called mutation. Mutation can be induced in plants by using suitable technology; like Gamma radiation. Many disease resistance varieties of plants can be obtained through mutational breeding. For example; resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew could be obtained in mung beans through mutational breeding.

(b) Plant breeding has made us self-sufficient in food production. Many techniques are employed for plant breeding; to produce high yielding and disease resistant varieties of various crops. In India, better varieties of rice, wheat, maize, etc. could be produced because of various methods of plant breeding. Many technologies which were existent but not being used on large scale could be used by more farmers because of Green revolution. Irrigation, pesticides, and synthetic fertilizers were among such technologies.

Irrigation Projects: Green Revolution could not be successful without proper implementation of large irrigation projects. Many multipurpose dams were built to feed irrigation canals. Punjab is a good example of a state which benefited from a good network of canals.

Pesticides: Pesticides were used more vigorously during Green Revolution. This helped in improving farm yield significantly.

Synthetic Fertilisers: While manure is very good but it does not show as dramatic results as synthetic fertilizers. The government opened many fertilizer factories to meet the demand. Farmers were given subsidy on fertilizers so that farm production could be improved.

Define the following:
Culture medium
Protoplast
Explant
Transgenic plant

The definitions are as follows:

1. Culture medium:
The nutrient medium, the chemical composition of which is precisely known and which is used in tissue culture is called culture medium.
2. Protoplast:
The contents of the plant cell devoid by the cell wall collectively constitute the protoplast. The protoplast is thus a plant cell without a cell wall.

3. Explant:
The part of the plant used for raising tissue-culture is known as explant. Meristematic tissue, part of root, stem or leaves, and flower and floral parts can be used as explants.

4. Transgenic plant:
Genetically modified plants are known as transgenic plants. Transgenic plants are developed by introducing desired features through recombinant DNA technique through genetic engineering

In spite of the great increase in food production in the world, a large section of the human population is not getting enough food. A number of individuals suffer from hidden hunger.
a) What does hidden hunger mean?
b) Name the crop breeding programme undertaken with the objective of eliminating hidden hunger.
c) Mention any three varieties of crops and their specific features that have been developed to achieve the above objectives.

a) Hidden hunger occurs when the quality of food people eat does not meet their nutrient requirements, so the food is deficient in micronutrients such as the vitamins and minerals that they need for their growth and development.

b) Biofortification is the crop breeding programme undertaken with the objective of eliminating hidden hunger by improving- Protein content and quality; Oil content and quality; Vitamin content and; Micronutrient and mineral content.

c) 1. Maize hybrid - These have twice the amount of the amino acids compared to existing breeds.

2. Wheat variety (Atlas 66)- have high protein content, rich in iron.

3. Vegetable crops such as carrot, spinach, pumpkin - rich in vitamin A;
Bitter Gourd, bathua, mustard, tomato - rich in vitamin C;
Iron and calcium enriched spinach and bathua;

And protein enriched beans - such as broad beans, lablab beans, french beans and garden peas.

Besides conventional breeding technique for disease-resistant varieties of plant, nowadays, a new breeding technique is practised. How is it advantageous over the conventional technique and is there any drawback of this technique?

Conventional breeding is often constrained by the availability of a limited number of disease-resistant gene. New breeding techniques involving - genetics, molecular biology, tissue culture have resulted in the plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yields and are disease resistant. The disadvantage of these techniques can be the leakage of the introduced gene in the wild varieties or the possible unforeseen ill effects.

Strategies For Enhancement In Food Production - Class 12 Medical Biology - Extra Questions